Cannabis Annotated Bibliography

PTSD is one of the most highly researched mental diseases and conditions of our century. PTSD can be caused by anything and everything. It has caused hundreds of people that don’t want to talk to someone about their conditions but, they’re research has shown that medical cannabis has approved conditions exceptionally. The used a formula and pattern to analyze the situation by studying N=170 at a cannabis dispensary in California. The article concluded that people with PTSD scores high and low both have different outcomes.

Studies show a vast number of risk and protective factors in adolescent suicide attempters (Joe, Baser, Breeden, Neighbors, & Jackson, 2006, Nock, 2009). The risk factor I chose to look at is substance use. Some researchers suggest a relationship between substance use and suicidality. (Garlow, Purselle, & Heninger, 2007, Schilling, Aseltine, Glanovsky, James & Jacobs, 2009). In the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, it was reported that Alcohol and Marijuana had the most

The topic of marijuana, both medicinal and recreational use, has been one of controversy over the past few decades. As with any drug, the abuse or overuse of marijuana can lead to adverse health effects. These effects are especially prominent and the most influential among adolescents, which substances in general pose the most risk too. Although the developmental influence of marijuana is detrimental to this population, it is not intended for adolescent use as is the case with alcohol. According to The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) published in 2016, rates of use among adolescents has

Large, M., Sharma, S., Compton, M., Slade, T., & Nielssen, O. (2011). Cannabis Use and Earlier Onset of Psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68 (6), 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.5

&Donovick (2005) discuss how approximately 30% of all offenders have engaged in some form of self-harm behaviour during the course of their incarceration. While some articles discuss how they are in fact one and the same and have the influence to impact each other, other articles depict self-harm and suicide to be mutually exclusive. This is evident when the Canadian Center on Substance Abuse (2006) states, “Research suggests that self-harm and suicide attempts have different intents, etiologies, bodily harms, frequency and methods. Suicidal acts are oriented toward ending pain and suffering through the end of life, while self-harm is viewed as a method of coping” (p. 2, 2006). They additionally share that some studies show an increase in suicide rates in those who have been subject to self-harming behaviours (2006). For this reason, knowing the triggering factors that could potentially lead to suicide is imperative.

The human brain has 2 different types of cannabis receptors called type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) (4). The CB1 receptors are involved with neurobiological departments of the brain including the: hippocampus (memory), amygdala (emotions), cerebral cortex (conditions), limbic forebrain (motivation), and finally the cerebellum (motor condition) (4). A 1997 study concluded that THC causes dopamine release at the same rate as heroin (2). When activated the receptors in these regions release the chemical compound called dopamine affecting the brain in many ways. It is the chemical responsible for users to feel the euphoria or ‘high’ that is associated with marijuana consumption (4). Hand-eye coordination, judgement, reaction times, and tracking ability are all lowered due to marijuana usage (3). Short-term memory is also impaired while under the influence of cannabis (3). Furthermore a decrease in the user’s attention span is apparent (3). In adults who use marijuana, higher rates of psychosis with predisposition to schizophrenia are observed (3). Furthermore, a publication in the British Medical Journal concluded that marijuana use can cause adverse psychological effects including depression, anxiety, and incite violence in users(6). Constant long-term usage of cannabis can cause a dependence or an addiction to the THC in adults (3). MRI scans users also concluded that structural abnormalities in CB1

Introduction: The prevalence of marijuana abuse and dependence has been increasing among adults and adolescents trauma patients in the United States. Several studies have demonstrated effects of marijuana on the outcomes of diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the presence of a positive toxicology screen for marijuana and mortality in trauma patients.

This study looks to find a link between social skills and young adolescent usage of cannabis. Previous research compiled by Griffith-Lendering, Huijbregts, Huizink, Ormel, Verhulst, Vollebergh and Swaab (2011) shows cannabis is one of the most widely used substances, with frequent occurrence among young adults. Cannabis usage during this developmental time is linked to educational problems, increased use of other illegal drugs and deviant behavior. Other factors that lead to increased use of cannabis include low socioeconomic status, poor academic performance, early usage of tobacco and alcohol, family problems, and externalized behavior. Studying precursors of cannabis use is important to preventing not only cannabis use, but also the use of other illegal drugs.

Marijuana is considered in popular culture to be a widely accepted mainstream recreational illegal drug used in the United States; its use comes with severe adverse side effects that are often overlooked. Long-Term use of marijuana is shown to have negative effects on physical, mental, and environmental health. Studies conducted within the United States have shown that up to 20% of daily marijuana users become dependent (Marijuana and Lung Health) showing a physical or emotional need for the drug. Marijuana use has the potential to affect every aspect of a person's physical and mental wellbeing negatively. Its use also comes with potentially life-altering risks to one's future including an individual’s likelihood of obtaining a degree, impacting

There also are links between marijuana and other mental health conditions. Marijuana use may trigger schizophrenia or detachment from reality (psychosis) in people who are at higher risk of psychosis. The symptoms of diagnosed psychotic illness may be aggravated if marijuana use continues.

Schizophrenia and marijuana psychosis symptoms are similar, however marijuana psychosis is less severe and temporary compared to schizophrenia which is more sever, develops during young adulthood, and permanent.

There are several myths presented to make marijuana seem harmful to one’s health, but many of them have been proven scientifically wrong. Three myths commonly presented and associated with smoking marijuana are: marijuana causes mental permanent mental illness, smoking marijuana is more harmful to the lungs than smoking tobacco, and also marijuana is a gateway drug. Through my research I have found that the commonly believed myths and misconceptions of marijuana intoxication are only social fears of those whom have not done any research on the effects of the drug.

The diagnosis for Cannabis Use Disorder is appropriate as Jasmin has an impairment due to her cannabis as she has used cannabis since the age of 14 and attending drug rehabilitation clinics throughout her continual use. Her completion of the rehabilitation clinic programs and relapse shows unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control her cannabis use. Because of the severity her cannabis use, she avoided attending classes, most recently GED classes. Jasmin’s cannabis use continued despite the use affecting her ability to remain in stable housing with family. Her cannabis use also has notable negative effects how social functions as well occupation has been given up, allowing for continued use. Most recently, she has used cannabis while entertaining a dangerous situation with her sitting on a window ledge making claims she could fly, thus putting her life at risk. Lastly, despite stints in rehabilitation clinics and consultation from her sister addressing the negative physical and psychological effects of her cannabis use, she continues to use. These specific impairments

Despite the current marijuana laws, medical research has shown a variety of therapeutic benefits that arise from the use of cannabis. (Gowling et al. 1998, p. 446)) Revealed that ‘Over the years, cannabis has been claimed to increase appetite, relax the muscle, improve mood, relieve anxiety and combat pain and nausea’. As a result of these advantages, medical marijuana advocates support and has pushed for the legalisation of cannabis. However, it is argued that harmful effects can arise, demonstrating an association between cannabis with psychosis. Psychosis is a condition of the mind, involving a “loss of contact with reality”. Hall (1998) stipulated that ‘A high doses of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the

Cannabis use among a family member can have a devastating effect, financially and mentally on