Canopy Height Analysis

Similar information has been explored in different studies. A previous study conducted showed that trees with smaller DBHs and greater canopy coverage allowed for an increase in species richness (Rannius T 2000). Furthermore, researchers have found that saplings across different species like the sugar maple exhibit greater growth in open canopies than saplings that are in closed canopies (Canndam C. 1998). Although these studies are important, the relationship between canopy size and DBH is still yet to be explored. In response to this lack of knowledge, we have conducted a study to further explore this correlation. Our hypothesis is that the larger the DBH size, the greater the amount of canopy coverage in a given area for the tree being studied.

Based on the current conditions of the area, we hypothesis that tree survivability will be highest in elevations above 3,000 feet and below 3,300 feet, highest in slopes between 0 - 45 degrees, and highest in aspects between 0 - 33 degrees. Tree survivability will also be highest in area with the best soil, water quality, and forest health conditions for successful tree sapling growth.

Please record the address of the property where the samples were collected, or—even better—provide GPS coordinates). You will bring these leaves to the college and will identify the trees they came from using accepted scientific methodology. I will give you guidance in how to identify the tree species. (Note that this may involve meeting outside of class time). You will then write a paper, using the same format as your regular lab report, on the identity of the trees, whether they are native to our area or not, and discuss why they might be growing where you found them. Your paper will be reviewed and you will have the option to either accept the grade given, or correcting any problems found. If problems are corrected, your grade will be raised to the maximum and your paper submitted for possible publication online at www.saturnjournal.org. This will be worth 10 bonus points. 3. Extra exam credit. There will be four bonus points available on each of the two lab practicals, and five bonus points on the final lecture exam, for a total of thirteen bonus points. Total bonus points available = 30. When added to your lowest qualifying exam grade, this equates to a maximum of six (6) points added to your final course average. EXAM POLICY: A. Repeating exams. Please note that each exam may be taken once only. Exams may not be repeated because you are not happy

I then predicted that if I took the 6 largest and 6 smallest samaras from a group of 20 randomly selected samaras, and dropped them from the same height each time, then the larger seeds would take a significantly longer time in the air compared to the smaller seeds. After analyzing my results, I found my hypothesis to be rejected. The length on the bigger seeds did not show any significant difference from the smaller seeds. The t-test proved my hypothesis to be incorrect due to the t value being less than what it should have been. My null hypothesis of length having nothing to do with the drop time was proven correct. “Despite considerable interspecific variation in samara dimensions, terminal velocities are quite similar for all species and exhibit good fit to a general model relating flight characteristics to samara dimensions for maple samaras” (Guries and Nordhiem). This supports that the seeds of different sizes have very little difference. With the data that I collected and this resource I can conclude that the size of the Box Elder Maple samara does not affect the amount of time the seed remain in the air. Dispersal of the seeds do not fully depend on the length of the seed from the experiment conducted. It could count on other outside forces as in wind and the height it is falling

Instead we use the original predictors to predict the response. The original dataset was split into a training set that consists of 75% of the total observations and a test set that consists of 25% of the total observations. Observations were chosen randomly. Supervised learning methods was conducted on the training set to obtain a model, then the model was used on the test set to assess the prediction performance. The values for “K” in KNN were tuned via cross-validation. Due to the volume of the data, the “cost” parameter in the SVM was chosen somewhat ad hoc and the “mtry” parameter in the random forest was chosen as default. The error rates are as

To see the differences of the two sites, basal area, density, species richness, and the Shannon diversity index were used. Basal area and density is the average amount of space of trees in hectares. Basal area is taken using the tree diameters while density uses the number of trees. Species richness is the number of species found. Abundance of each species is used to find the Shannon diversity index. The Sorensen similarity index compares the areas based on the number of the same species. Also, different species were looked at to find the relative basal area, relative density, and importance value of the trees. There were differences and similarities in both

Each leaf was measured for its surface area, length-to-width ratio, mass, specific leaf mass, and color. Surface area was measured by a leaf area meter in squared centimeters. Length-to-width ratio was measured by measuring the length (vertically along the bridge of the leaf) and the width (horizontally on the widest part of the leaf) with a ruler in centimeters, and dividing the length by the width. Mass was calculated by a balance in grams. Specific leaf mass (thickness) was measured by dividing the mass by its surface area in grams per squared centimeter. Color was measured by having three reference leaves provided by the instructor, indicating light (L), medium (M), and dark (D) leaves and compared our collected leaves.

The authors data was gained by doing field trials with the genetically modified trees in the USA. Their research focuses on assessing a range of trees and writing down the results of what happens over time e.g. decomposition, producing offspring etc. The biography is useful to research topic as it focuses on low lignin trees and the short and long term effects and goes in to detail in how they insert the gene into the tree. The main limitation of the biography was that it was very hard to come across (limited copies). Thus the author indicates that low lignin trees are not quite ready to be released for long periods of time and that more research into the gene needs to be done. This biography will form the basis of my

Species richness is the number of tree species. The species richness was 7 for the burned side of Coal Road compared to 11 for the unburned side. Species evenness is calculated using Shannon’s diversity index by dividing Shannon's diversity index ‘H’ by the natural logarithm of species richness. On the burned side of Coal Road, the species evenness was 0.0205 while on the unburned side of Coal Road the species evenness was 0.0411. The combination of greater species richness and evenness confirms the unburned side of Coal Road is more diverse than the burned side of Coal Road. Thus, our hypothesis is incorrect that the burned region would produce more species diversity while the unburned region would exhibit less species

The purpose of this article has gained the interest of many and gives the results of how and why there is an existence of Bamboo forests in these areas today. There sole purpose was to study paired samples on local and regional scales within and outside large bamboo patches in three regions in western Amazonia (Los Amigos, Cocha Cash, and Acre). Researchers wanted to explain remote sensing techniques to contradictory explain how it has been used to map western Amazonian bamboo forests, leading to an estimation for a total extent of vegetation types. These studied bamboo species range from

Existing near the equator along countries such as Brazil and Costa Rica, this zone has a combination of warm temperatures, high humidities, and abundant precipitations. Factors like these define what the tropical zone is. For example, due to the high temperatures and frequent rainfalls, the soil is considered poor. This is so, because the temperature and the rainfall causes a quick decomposition instead of building up of organic materials in the soil. Therefore, once the tropical zone is altered by human activities, it is very hard to recover with the nutrient poor soil. In addition, it is expected that in the tropical zone there would be large trees. These large trees creates a closed canopy in which light just barely reaches the forest floor. Going along the topic of sunlight, it is a crucial abiotic factor in this zone. Consequently, there is competition among trees to obtain the limited amount of sunlight through the various vertical stratification of tree levels. Some key characteristics of trees in relation to their habitat is their ginormous height. In this zone, rainfall determines the vegetation. Thus, with the abundant rainfall, trees can reach up to fifty to sixty meters in height. Another key characteristic is their diversity. It has been reported that in a 2.5 acre land, there is approximately three hundred different species of trees. The main type of

The first was located at 53˚504’N and -113˚560’W and contained the North Saskatchewan River and both deciduous and coniferous forests. The second location was at 53˚464’N and -113˚570’W and also contained a river and deciduous and coniferous forests. The organisms we studied were C. canadensis in the form of their dams as well as various tree species. On February 9th, March 9th and 16th of 2018, we collected data by sampling plots near five beaver dams. After measuring 10m away from the dams, we sampled four 10mx10m plots positioned in a straight line from the dams for tree species present by using a field guide to test if plots closer to beaver dams had increased diversity and abundance. Following, I pooled plot data and analyzed proportions (pᵢ) of each tree species. Next, I calculated the Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) to analyze species richness and evenness. Lastly, I ran ANOVA tests to test my hypothesis for both H’, abundance of tree species, and abundance of

This unique take on a hammock makes it easy to kick back after a tough day at work or when the stresses of the day wear on you. Take the time to relax on this easy to use canopy bed and enjoy its pleasant rocking motion. As a natural sleep aid, rocking simulates what we all experienced in our mother's womb which induced a calm feeling. That same gentle motion causes a powerful relaxation sensation while in this outdoor canopy bed.

In the North Carolinian piedmont, there are several different forest communities. The main types are, loblolly/ slash pine forest, mesic forest, oak forest, and floodplain forest (NC Wildlife 2015). Soil types, elevation, climate, and nutrient availability are important components of determining forest types. There are also certain species, considered indicators that help predict the type of forest community. The change in environmental factors and species distribution allow for different forest types (Cortes, Islebe 2005). Measuring the environmental factors of a plot and identifying the different species present can predict Forest types and is commonly done by land and forest managers (Fortunel etc. Al 2014). This experiment tests different locations of the NC piedmont, to help determine forest types in this area.

However, even though refined graph has better equation than those of past one, there are some limitations with using linear equation to determine the graph. Since a linear graph increases infinitely, and as humans have restraints to achieve to record, their winning height can’t keep increasing at this rate. It is not sustainable.