Capital Switching, Infrastructure, And The Ecological Fix

The government established short range goals that included relief and immediate recovery, especially in the first two years. They then set up long-range goals which included permanent recovery and reform of current abuses particuarly those that produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe (World Book, Vol.14, p.748). The Congress authorized the National Recovery Administration (NRA) in a daring attempt to simulate a nationwide comeback. This scheme was to perform immediate relief with long range recovery and reform. It was designed to assist industry, labor, and the

The TVA passed on May 18, 1933, played an important role during the Great Depression. This program played a vital role in relieving some of the economic hardships that farmers in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia were experiencing. The TVA taught farmers of this area better farming techniques, such as replanting trees, rotating crops, and soil conservation. Dams were built to help with flooding and to provide hydroelectric power. The development of the TVA also created many jobs opportunities for the unemployed. (“Tennessee Valley Authority”

The New Deal was a specific set of government works programs put into effect by President Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. The New Deal took action to bring fast economic relief as well as improvements in industry, finance, agriculture, housing, the labor force, etc. The traditional American policy of laissez-faire was opposed in the new democratic promise of the “New Deal”. The majority of the New Deal was enacted in the first couple months of FDR’s presidency, which later became known as the Hundred Days. The first objective was to lessen the hardship of the large amount of unemployed workers in the nation. The Works Progress Administration(WPA) and Civilian Conservation Corps(CCC) were created to establish short term government aid to temporary jobs. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was created to develop rules to govern trade practices, hours, child labor, wages, and collective bargaining. Also, the New Deal worked to avoid another stock market crash and bank failures.The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) gave insurance for bank deposits and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) was created to protect the people from stock-market companies committing fraud. An agricultural program , the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) attempted to raise prices by providing subsidies to farmers to reduce crop production. The New Deal was filled with government works programs to help pull the country out of the Great Depression but,

One of the best examples of a successful recovery program was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). This program was proposed by Senator George Norris 5 during the Hoover Administration. Resurrected and expanded under Roosevelt, despite opposition from private utilities, The TVA constructed and maintained dams, provided hydroelectric power where there was no electricity before, and stimulated investment in the region. The TVA is one of the shining success stories of the New Deal.

The Drought Relief Service (DRS) was enacted by Franklin Roosevelt, as part of his New Deal, in 1935 to provide aid towards the Great Plains in the Midwest of the United States, suffering from a drought. This program “…provided cash, livestock feed and equipment to farmers and businesses directly affected by the drought” (History.com). Although the program sounds great in theory, it actually cost the government “…52.5 million (dollars)” (History.com). That is, by no means, cheap at all, but it did help the Midwest by providing relief, recovery, and reform. This benefited the American farmers in the Midwest because it gave them relief from the great drought that was making them go bankrupt. The program benefitted the economy because the government

The National Recovery Administration was created by Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of the New Deal policies. The National Recovery Administration increased the prices of manufactured goods. It hurt the farmers that needed to buy tools and equipment. As they did not have the money to buy the taxed equipment, they could not do their job. It was a detriment both the consumers and the companies. “New Deal spending was supposed to stimulate the economy, but New Deal taxing depressed the economy.”

When Franklin Roosevelt came to office in 1933, he emphasized relief, recovery, and reform through a program called the New Deal, but he had no plan to combat racial bias in the allotment of federal funds. Many Black Americans were unsure how much government help they would receive through this new program; the amount of relief that blacks received depended heavily upon the bias of the individual who headed each program. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) was designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers to cut production. Landowners were given this money and expected to distribute it among their tenants and sharecroppers; however, landowners rarely gave this money to their black workers. These black workers did not accuse their landowners of witholding money because they feared losing their jobs. Black Americans were also hurt through the National Recovery dministration (NRA). The NRA was formed to establish minimum wages for all workers, but these wages tended to hurt blacks, especially in the South with the enforcement of Black Codes. Because wages were equal for blacks and whites, many owners fired blacks to replace them with white workers. The higher wages enforced by the NRA caused prices to rise, but blacks often did not

Congress initiated the National Recovery Review Board on March 7, 1934 with the supervision of Clarence Darrow to investigate some of the monopolistic tendencies within the codes. Darrow’s findings showed that the NRA promoted big monopoly tactics of big business. Another big issue during FDR’s time in office was the agricultural recovery. The two main problems were the “increasing number of mortgage foreclosures on farms and the fact that farm purchasing power in terms of industrial goods farmers had to buy, was at its lowest level ever” (290). FDR came up with a serious of strategies on March 27, 1933 he began to focus on agencies that dealt with agricultural credit in the Farm Credit Administration. Congress passed the Emergency Farm Mortgage

During Roosevelt's first 100 days in office he addressed the conditions of the dust bowl. CCC refers to the "Civilian" Conservation Corps this program was ran by the U.S. army and employed over three million young men. So many people were looking for jobs during the 1930’s, and after the dust bowl that number rose even more. They gave jobs such as repairing bridges, building dams and roads, planting trees and etc. The CCC supplied an average of 15 dollars a month to those who worked for them and lived in camps. In most camps in nebraska the CCC worked on soil conservation efforts. FSA, Farm Security Administration loaned money to tenant farmers with low interest rates allowing them to keep their land. Many people who received an FSA loan ended up making enough money to pay their debt off and buy their land full out. The FSA wanted people to move back into the west, they began to provide separate communities in Nebraska. The Emergency Farm Mortgage Act on may12, 1933 gives out  $200 million to farmers that are facing foreclosure. Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act is approved in 1934, which states that banks cannot take farm land during a time of distress this is eventually dismissed. The federal government forms a drought relief service that buys cattle from farmers for 14 or 20 dollars a head, they throw out the cows that are not fit to eat and then give the rest are given to families in need. This effort saved a lot of farmers from going bankrupt and allowed them to keep their land. In March of 1938, the Shelterbelt Project begins which is the plating of a 100 mile stretch of trees in the great plains to prevent land erosion

In 1932 during the worst of the great depression and prior to World War II, President Roosevelt’s administration implemented a series of initiatives or legislative reforms that all fell under the New Deal. “The flood of New Deal legislation that followed produced major changes in government-economy relationships and in government’s role in American society generally.” (Anderson, 2015, p. 72) Roosevelt’s description of the New Deal was that it would help to provide relief, recovery, and reform; this came to be known as the “3 Rs.” Many of the reforms were highly successful like the Federal Emergency Relief Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, Federal Housing Administration and the Social Security Act. In 1933 the Rural Rehabilitation

The most popular of the New Deal agencies was the Civilian Conservation Corp(Home), this hired 250,000 unemployed men to work on local rural projects(A&E). Congress also produced mortgage relief for millions of farmer and homeowners around the same time. FDR made agricultural relief a top priority and created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration(A&E), forcing higher prices for items by paying these farmer to take land out of crops and to cut herds.

Decades of research suggest that sea-levels are rising, and will continue to rise as a result of climate change. This rise will have the most immediate and significant impact on

On May 11, 1935, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt issued Executive Order 7037, which created the Rural Electrification Administration. The Rural Electric Administration (REA) was then created to bring electricity to rural areas like the Tennessee Valley. By 1939 the REA had helped to establish 417 rural electric cooperatives, which served 288,000 households. Claverack was one of those cooperatives. Claverack gave Bradford County residents the opportunity to have electricity 80 years ago and now they are giving Bradford County teens the opportunity to visit our nation's capitol where it all started.

This entailed each family getting 10 acres of land, seed, horse, and a cow. Eventually the farmers would be able to buy back the land after three years. The New Deal had many programs targeted toward aid to farmers such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) and the Resettlement Administration (RA) of 1935. Deeds’ Farming Project closely resembles the RA.

Warmer oceans are leading to increased coral bleaching and disease outbreaks and changing distribution of tuna fisheries. Freshwater supplies will become more limited on many islands. Coastal flooding and erosion will increase. Mounting threats to food and water security, infrastructure, health, and safety are expected to lead to increasing human migration.