Capm Model Builds On The Model

See Exhibit 2a for the curve for Exhibit 5, Exhibit 2b for the curve for Exhibit 6, Exhibit 2c for the curve for Exhibit 7, and Exhibit 2d for the curve for Exhibit 8. Exhibit 2a provides the baseline LTP which shows the highest Sharpe ratio that can be achieved without the introduction of a “real assets” is 1.01. The allocation of 23.4% in US Equities, 40.4% in Foreign Equities, and 36.2% in Bonds would result in an expected return of 10% and a

Harry Markowitz 1991, developed a theory of “Portfolio choice”, that allows the investors to examine the risk as per the expected returns. In modern World, this theory is known as Modern portfolio theory (MPT). It attempts to attain the best portfolio expected return for a predefined portfolio risk, or to minimise the risk for the predefined expected returns, by a careful choice of assets. Though it’s a widely used theory, still has been challenged widely. The critics question the feasibility of theory as a strategy for

CAPM is a model that describes the relationship between risk and expected return, and the formula itself measures the expected return of the portfolio. Mathematically, when beta is higher, meaning the portfolio has more systematic risk (in comparison to the market portfolio), the formula yields a higher expected return for the portfolio (since it is multiplied by the risk premium and is added to the risk free interest rate). This makes sense because the portfolio needs to

The CAPM is a single factor model because it based on the hypothesis that required rate of return can be predicted using one factor that being systematic risk. It looks at risk and rates of returns, compares then to the stock market providing a usable measure of risk to help investors determine what return they will get for risking their money in an investment. There are a lot of assumptions and drawbacks of CAPM that lead to the conclusion that those investors utilizing this

1. If returns are normally distributed, expected return and standard deviation are the only two measures that an investor need consider.

CAPM results can be compared to the best expected rate of return that investor can possibly earn in other investments with similar risks, which is the cost of capital. Under the CAPM, the market portfolio is a well-diversified, efficient portfolio representing the non-diversifiable risk in the economy. Therefore, investments have similar risk if they have the same sensitivity to market risk, as measured by their beta with the market portfolio.

Investors hold diversified portfolios : One of the assumptions of CAPM model is that investors are holding only portfolios which are subjected to systematic risk , the unsystematic risk can be ignored , therefore the unsystematic risk has been ignored (Lakonishok & Shapiro , 1986)

CAPM on the other hand is based on microeconomic ideas such as concave utilities and costless diversification. Macroeconomic events mentioned include interest rates or the cost of labor, causes the systematic risk that affects the returns of all stocks. On the other hand the firm-specific events are the unexpected microeconomic events that affect the returns of specific firms for example the death of key people that would affects the firm, but would have a insignificant effect on the

In order to test the validity of the CAPM, we have applied the two-step testing procedure for asset pricing model as proposed by Fama and Macbeth (1973) in their seminal paper.

One assumption of CPAM model is that all investors invest in the same portfolio with the highest expected excess return per unit of risk and combine leverage using risky-free assets to maximize their utility. However, there are some investors constrained in such kind of leverage due to margin requirements or any prohibitions. For these investors, they tend to overprice the risky high-beta assets instead of leverage. Therefore, the risky assets with higher betas require lower risk-adjusted returns than lower-beta assets with leverage because the tilting behavior alleviates the no-leverage constraint (Black, Jensen and Scholes 1972). Here the BAB strategy generates a funding constrained CAPM model which is based on the standard CAPM model but provides a more practical implement to investors’ portfolio construction.

Even though there are flaws in the CAPM for empirical study, the approach of the linearity of expected return and risk is readily relevant. As Fama & French (2004:20) stated “… Markowitz’s portfolio model … is nevertheless a theoretical tour de force.” It could be seen that the study of this paper may possibly justify Fama & French’s study that stated the CAPM is insufficient in interpreting the expected return with respect to risk. This is due to the failure of considering the other market factors that would affect the stock price.

The SML describes the relationship between the systematic risk of any asset (as measured by ), and that asset’s expected return in equilibrium.

A well diversified investor is at an advantage when participating in the investing of securities because the more diversified he or she is, the less unsystematic risk he or she will have to deal with. The reduction of risk is a fundamental principle in risk management. There are different methods of analyzing the risk of an equity security; some highlighted in the previous questions (6-10) show that the mean return of a company called Zemin Corporation is at 24% annually. The standard deviation of this expected return is 3.46. Also, we know that its beta is 1.54. Both its standard deviation and beta are relatively small for such a high return. With this much data available, a large amount of risk management techniques and formulas can be utilized to determine if this investment is worth partaking in. The capital asset pricing model for example, shows an investor an appropriate return for the amount of systematic risk that would be undertaken by the investor for purchasing the security. This systematic risk is the beta. The Sharpe ratio is another method of analyzing the risk of an investment. It takes the historical annualized return and subtracts the risk free rate from it. This excess return is then divided by the standard deviation (which is seen in investing as a level of uncertainty or risk) to find how much excess return per

Ever since Ross (1976) proposed the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) as an alternative to the capital pricing model, many economists and investors have applied APT across different markets. Whereas the traditional capital pricing model explained asset returns with one beta, sensitivity to the market return, APT decomposes the return with a multiple number of factors. This idea became particularly popular for investors who aim to gain systematic risk other than market risk. However, the model specification aspect has been challenging to many practitioners as the theory does not require any specific sets of variables to be used (Azeez 2006).

With the development of capital market, an increasing number of investors have a chance invest their money in the stock exchange. Investment return is the reason that the investors put their money in the stock market. However, when they spend their money in the market, they will come across the risk of the securities. In other words, investors receive the higher investment return which means they will come across the greater risk too. According to Reilly and Brown, risk means the uncertainty of future outcomes. For investors, higher risks might cause their lost more money. The investors have to choose the correct method of their return and risk.