Capssaicin Case Study

Pain is a common symptom that is associated with numerous medical issues, including musculoskeletal problems that physical therapist see on a day to day basis. There are several different ways to treat pain and one of them is to provide a means of releasing opioids in the body to alter the pain experience. In fact, there are three different types of opioids: naturally occurring (endogenous or exogenous substances such as natural endorphins or poppy), semisynthetic (exogenous substances that contain both natural and synthetic agents), and synthetic agents (man-made substances used to mimic the effect of natural substances) used to decrease the symptom of pain.1

which in turn inhibits the second order neurons that transmit the nociceptive signals to the

As mentioned above, opioids are extremely helpful in killing acute and cancer pain. Because opioid receptors are G-protein coupled reactions, the inhibitory G-protein is usually coupled or attached with the receptors (Ghelardini et al., 2015, page 219). The onset of reaction in inhibit the pain is rapid and effective due to multiple inhibitory actions at the terminal site (refer to the previous section of mechanism of action). Besides, the interaction of opioids gradually increases the threshold of pain neuron as well as attenuates the pain subjective evaluation (Ghelardini et al., 2015, page 220).

Turning to over-the-counter drugs has become a necessity for those seeking fast and easy pain relief. Several medications have been noted as beneficial and effective, and although Alka-Seltzer tablets, used for pain relief, as an antihistamine, and for nasal decongestion, has not reached the most commonly used, its effectiveness can be proven.2 Dissolved in water before ingestion, Alka-Seltzer tablets use the action of effervescence to produce the release of carbon dioxide gas.1 This release of gas allows for the fizz to occur, and for excess sodium bicarbonate to aid in the pain relief, in combination with aspirin in the tablets.1,2 But, this need for pain relief from over-the-counter drugs has been monitored due to the

Chronic pain is any pain that lasts longer than 3 months (FNLM, 2011). A common type of chronic pain is neuropathic pain which occurs when the nerves themselves are damaged by injury or disease (Veteran Mates, 2013). Neuropathic pain is a complex condition that is often underdiagnosed or undertreated, resulting in negative physical, psychological and social impacts (Veteran Mates, 2013). Therefore early management is critical in order to improve the person’s quality of life and to reduce the chance of the pain becoming persistent (Pain Health, 2015). The following 5 articles relating to the management of neuropathic pain will be annotated, including a summary of the main

Tanashie Jacquecin is a junior at Delaware State University, originally from Massachusetts, she has lived in Delaware for about seven years. She is currently pursuing her BA in Mass Communication, with a focus on Public Relations. Tanashie is a member of PRSSA: Public Relation Student Society of America, and The National Society of Leadership of Success. She is also an inspire scholar and has been successful in keeping her GPA above 3.5. When Tanashie is not studying, she is working part-time at Dover Downs or taking MMA classes.

There are many mechanisms for the sensitisation of nociceptors. A common scenario for this occurrence is when peripheral tissue is subjected to exogenous injury, whether it be mechanical, chemical, or toxic. Injury results in localised increase in inflammatory mediators, leading to the sensitisation of nociceptors. Upregulation and increased expression of various membrane receptors is the most common mechanism. Ionotropic receptors, Gq protein-coupled metabotropic receptors, Gs protein-coupled metabotropic receptors, and mitogen-activated protein kinase have been shown to be upregulated in nociceptors in response to the presence of inflammatory mediators (Sessle ed 2008). The resultant effect is increased conductance, lowered threshold for the initiation of action potentials, spontaneous depolarisation, and increased after-discharges to supra-threshold stimuli (Sessle ed 2008). Sprouting, or the growth of neuronal axons into the damaged tissue, also contributes to pathological pain. Increased number of nociceptive axons increases the opportunity for spatial and temporal summation and activation of nociceptors, which under normal conditions would not be activated. Sufficient concentration of inflammatory mediators can also lead to the activation of nociceptors which do not participate in the detection of noxious stimulus (Sessle ed 2008). With an increased number of nociceptors feeding back to the CNS, the sensation of pain is

This study may provide indirect evidence that could be used in future studies investigating the mechanisms responsible for EIH and clinically as another option for production of analgesia.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) are ligand-gated controlled ion channels that function in the process of nociception where transmission pain signals by nociceptors are carried as impulses from the sensory nerves to the central nervous system through afferent neurons (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). Nociceptors, also called noxious stimulus detectors, are pain sensory receptors made up of myelinated and unmyelinated neuron fibers that relay action potentials to the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which are interpreted as pain (Woolf et al., 2007). Transient receptor potentials detect chemical or physical stimuli that trigger nociceptor activation that result in pain perception (Marwaha et al., 2016). The TRP channels control physiological perception of temperature, taste, pheromones and painful mechanical sensory inputs, which is accomplished through six different TRPs (TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8, and TRPA1) (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). Interestingly, all six TRP channels of the three TRP family types are expressed in afferent pain sensing nociceptors (Dai 2016; Marwaha et al., 2016). This suggests that all six of the TRP channels are involved in pain perception. The afferent nociceptors are hyper-activated in diseases including neuropathic pain and peripheral inflammation. Recent findings suggest that TRP channels function in a critical position with the association of these diseases. Researchers are exploring novel

Drain the infection. Antibiotics. For skin and soft tissue infection, treat with rifampicin. Vancomycin is usually given for life-threatening infections orally or intravenously.

Through my research I have found that not all drug recalls are due to patients getting sick or dying. I found that for the drug Amikacin Sulfate Injection one batch contained a piece of glass and they had to recall the whole batch in order to ensure no one got hurt from their packaging mistake. Teva Pharmaceuticals announced a voluntary recall of a specific batch number and the expiration date of 9/2017. Since this is an injectable prescription it could cause a great deal of damage and that is why they had to recall the whole batch. Amikacin Sulfate is a drug that helps fight staphylococcal disease. While taking this drug there are some side effects to be aware of but pharmaceuticals agree that the drugs pros out-weigh the cons. Some of the

For centuries cayenne peeper has been used for internal and external remedies. Cayenne belongs to the family of capsicum; it is a native herb to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and some parts of South America. It is well sought after fruit and known for its medical benefits, such as lowering cardio vascular disease, menopausal related problems, arthritis, but more importantly its analgesic properties. The active compound found and extracted from cayenne pepper is 8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide also known as capsaicin. Traditionally, cayenne peeper was used, as a spice to flavor dishes and it wasn’t until the 1800’s that a French scientist by the name of Christian Friedrich Bucholz originally extracted a non-pure form to study the

In this experiment, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin concentrations in Tabasco Habanero Sauce was determined. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin was isolated from the hot sauce sample using SPE cartridges. [1] SPE cartridges work in a similar way to the HPLC column. The cartridges contain a non-polar stationary phase, which requires conditioning with polar solvents, like methanol, isopropanol and water, to acti-vate the stationary phase. The cartridge can be then rinsed with the capsaicinoid analytes, which have polar benzene rings and non-polar hydrocarbon tails. The hydrocarbon tails will interact with the stationary phase causing polar mole-cules within the mixture to wash out first. The capsaicinoids are retained in the cartridge until they react

First time ciprofloxacin consumers should consider the following points for safe consumption. Primarily, ciprofloxacin should be taken either one hour before or two hours after meals with plenty of water. Within two hours of taking ciprofloxacin, patients should avoid consuming dairy products, antacids, iron, zinc or calcium supplements as these products may decrease the absorption of ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin can also result in an increase in caffeine’s effects (Australian Medicines Handbook 2017), hence reducing caffeine consumption is recommended.

The inescapability of SOS boxes inside the enteric bacteriocin regulatory area suggests that they expect a fundamental part in charge. In all actuality, for over 50 years, the inducers used to update production of these toxic substances were mutagenic masters, for instance, mitomycin C and UV light. Regardless, it is protected to expect that in their typical living space, for example, the gastro intestinal tract of man, DNA-hurting administrators are not plenteous. Mitomycin C or UV, by then are the regular inducers of enteric bacteriocins.