Carbapenem Lab Report

It is thought that overuse of antibiotics is related to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) (Austin). As a consequence, there has been an increasing trend to promote appropriate prescribing of antibiotics so as to maximise their therapeutic efficacy and minimise the outbreak of resistance. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs in hospitals are exemplary of a method used to promote rational prescription of antibiotics. In this review, we will briefly introduce some examples of AMR to illustrate the extent of this issue. We will then move on to describe AMS programs and the strategies required to

Fleming in 1928. Penicillin helped to treat some common infections: step throat, boils, it would heal wounds quicker, as well as treat more serious infections such as meningitis and pneumonia. Antibiotics usually kill only weak bacteria and after some years of antibiotic usage stronger bacteria have not only survived but also became resistant to the old cure. “Doctors have started to prescribe antibiotics to cure conditions such as ear infections, sinusitis, bronchitis, non-specific upper respiratory tract infections and even common colds and flu… According to the Director of Antimicrobial Resistance, Dr. Richard Besser, each year US physicians write $50 million worth of prescriptions that are ineffectual and unnecessary.” (Elisa Bussey). The more doctors were prescribing antibiotics, the bigger the number of people who become resistant to them. Most of the European countries prescribe antibiotics to kill bacteria only in cases of life threatening conditions. Patients in the US have become accustomed to receiving antibiotics for almost any health concerns and with time, patients have started to expect such prescriptions as a norm.

Cephalexin and Gentamicin would be effective since they are equally sensitive to the pseudomonas aeruginosa microbe which implies they will kill the microbe and work against the bacteria.

Antimicrobial stewardship (AS) can be attained while fostering quality patient satisfaction. Interdisciplinary standards of practice exist to ensure evidence-based prescribing practices yet the pervasive use of antibiotics remains rampant globally. This is a multifaceted topic that impacts primary care prescribers, pharmacists, nurses, pharmaceutical companies, governing bodies, educational institutions, research teams, and the general population. This article will investigate how Canadian nurse practitioners (NPs) are in a prime position to influence an overdue revolution in AS, specifically for uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) of children ages two to ten in primary care.

“The Last Resort,” by Maryn McKenna is an article about antibiotic resistance. It explains the increase of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae also known as CREs which are a class of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. CREs have been described as “a risk as serious as terrorism”(McKenna, 2013, p.394). CREs can cause bladder, lung, and blood infections that can develop into life-threatening septic shock. Unfortunately, it kills half of the people who contract it. This bacteria is resistant even to carbapenems, which are considered drugs of last resort because of the serious health risks in taking them. “Antibiotics have been falling to resistance for almost as long as people have been using them; Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin, warned about the possibility when he accepted his Nobel prize in 1945”(McKenna, 2013, p.394). Although CREs was first discovered almost 15 years ago, it did not become a public-health priority until just recently. The North Carolinan strain of Klebsiella produced an enzyme called Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase or KPC for short. It broke down carbapenems which made the strongest antibiotic now resistant. “Physicians find themselves caught between using bad drugs or using no drugs at all”(McKenna, 2013,

Chemical antimicrobial agents are chemical compounds capable of either inhibiting the growth of microorganisms or killing them outright. Those which are taken internally to alleviate the symptoms of or promote healing from disease are called chemotherapeutic drugs, and among these is a class of compounds called antibiotics. In order for a chemotherapeutic drug to be classed as an antibiotic, it must be produced by a microorganism such as bacterium or fungus or at least derived from a chemical produced by one. It must also be capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganisms and of doing so when taken in very small quantities.

The TEM-1 type of Beta-lactamase is the most common -lactamase enzyme found in E. coli. More importantly, this enzyme is highly interactive with antibiotics by inhibiting antibiotics from accomplishing their purpose of: halting the synthesis of bacteria cell walls to cease the spread and existence of the bacteria. This makes TEM type

Gram-Negative infections are a major cause of mortality in the hospital, intensive care unit and healthcare system. For years the Carbapenems have been a major last line player in eliminating infections. Carbapenem resistance is now increasing. Two drugs Avycaz and Zerbaxa are available to fight against those microbes with Carbapenem resistance. The newly approved combination drug Avycaz is composed of Ceftazidime and Avibactam. Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein. Avibactam is a non- Beta lactam Beta Lactamase Inhibitor. It is essential in increasing the

β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures. They kill bacteria by generally inhibiting their cell wall synthesis. They are mainly active against gram positive bacterias but many gram negative bacteria are also susceptible to amoxicillin. Staphylococcus aureus being a gram positive bacteria are highly susceptible to amoxillin.

Antibiotics have played an essential role in the fight against diseases and infections since the 1940’s. Antibiotics are a leading cause for the rise of global average life expectancy in the 20th and 21st century. They have greatly reduced illnesses and deaths due to diseases. With the introductions of antibiotics in the 1940’s, like penicillin into clinical practice, formally deadly illnesses became immediately curable and saved thousands of lives (Yim 2006). Antibiotic use has been beneficial and when prescribed and taken correctly their effects on patients are exceedingly valuable. However, because these drugs have been used so widely and for such a long period of time the bacteria that the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted,

The development and advancement of antibiotic resistance is dependent on a number of factors, and cannot be resolved with one single solution. Research suggests the best strategy to manage the misuse of antibiotics leading to antibiotic resistance, is mandating all hospitals to implement an antimicrobial stewardship program. This solution meets all of the required criteria and is a sensible approach in resolving the growing rate of resistant. Making antimicrobial stewardships a part of the patient safety effort will help bring new support and spark the conversation that must take place in order to make advancement in resolving antibiotic resistance. Multiple studies have been conducted to evaluate the before and after introduction of ASPs and

Consequently within a decade, bacteria can get the upper hand and the only way to cure an infection will be radical surgery to eradicate the source of infection similar to the pre-antibiotics era. Frequent antibiotic use contributes to fastening the spread of antibiotic resistance gene due to selective pressure. To prevent increase of superbugs, controlling the antibiotic use by implying mandatory antimicrobial stewardship programs which allows restrict monitoring of the prescribed antibiotics has been suggested. In this report, the potential of mandatory antimicrobial stewardship programs on controlling antibiotic use which can lead to decrease in the rate of emerging superbugs will be

In this time and age, with the astounding development of large-scale livestock feeding operation of swine, poultry and especially cattle, the antibiotics are used globally to keep the animals healthy and promote their

The laboratory establishes the diagnosis and effect special distinction to end which antibiotics are serviceable against the bacteria.

Examples of antibiotics that are commonly used in infection treatment include: gentamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and carbenicillin