Carbohydrates Lab Report

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,

Soccer players during training and match-play perform intermittent work demanding high metabolic rates to be sustained. Players require

The purpose of this study was to see how high intensity interval training alter ATP in maximal muscle contractions. This study consisted of young eight men who performed six series of repeated 30 s all out sprints on an ergometer (Larsen, Maynard, & Kent, 2014). The purpose of an ergometer is to measure the amount of work is used to perform this task. All of the participants were students at University of Massachusetts who volunteered to participate in this study. Ages ranged from 27. 0 ± 3.4 years, no participates was currently participating in any regular exercise program. No participates were on any type of medication or vitamin to help

To investigate the effect of food GI content on exercise induced cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory function.

Brinkworth & Noakes et al, found that in obese subjects having a low carbohydrate diet would in fact increase the amount of fat being oxidised during submaximal aerobic exercise, suggesting that subjects would have a RER closer to .7 than one. Exercise intensities that are less than 65% VO2 max, will be affected little by the percentage intake of fat and carbohydrates. (Miller & Wolfe, 1999) This would suggest that lower intensities don’t rely completely on food sources, but fuel stores already in the body. Exercise at 65% VO2 max will have approximately 50% of the energy supplied by muscle glycogen and plasma together with intramuscular fatty acids will provide around 40% of the energy. At high intensity exercise of above 80% VO2 max, the major source of energy is

Lab Report – How do the fuels (carbohydrate and fat) we use change during exercise of varying intensity?

A Comparison of Total Caloric Expenditure and Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Different Modes of Exercise

The rats were randomly divided two groups of training group (12) or sedentary control group (12). Both groups were housed in a standard laboratory cage in a room 12h/12h ( light/dark cycle). The temperature was determined to be (22 ± 2 ̊C) and humidity (55 ± 10%. The training group performed eight-week training sessions, 5 times a week using a standard treadmill. To determine the effect of endurance training on the rate of oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and glycerol-3-phosphate at the end of eight weeks both groups of rats were decapitated and the hind limbs were removed to measure muscle homogenates, and a mitochondria fraction. To determine protein concentration they used Brandforth method with BAS standers. The amounts of mitochondrial respiration measurements were achieved in isolated mitochondria at different temperature (25 ̊C, 35 ̊C, and 42 ̊C). This was based on other experiments done with results collected when muscle temperatures were at rest. Hansatech oxygen electrode was used to determine the oxygen uptake. To determine the protein levels through immunoblotting biogenesis markers, muscle fatty acid transporter CD36, and other mitochondrial Proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism RIPA

The percentage of energy supplied for the body’s energy needs by fats and carbohydrates varies at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and after 45 minutes of a marathon. The biochemical events that occur at these time points will be evaluated in terms of the mobilisation of fats and carbohydrates, the pathways each takes to produce energy and their yield in producing Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Fats and carbohydrates differ in their structure, energy yield and the way they are stored in the body. For these reasons, they are not used equally by the body; and one predominates over the other at different times in a marathon. The structure of fats consist of one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid chains via ester bonds, and are termed triglycerides.

Throughout a normal day, the body uses glucose in the form of energy. The glucose that the body uses is attained from carbohydrates that one receives from a meal eaten during the day. However, when glucose begins to run out, especially if a person is rigorously exercising, and is not “restocked,” the body must use its energy supplies, glycogen. Glycogen is one of the most important polysaccharides in the human body. It is the body’s stored energy; with the highest storing sites being the muscles and liver. Glycogen is important to the liver because it is able to provide a backup supply of glucose so that blood glucose concentration is maintained at a sufficient level to supply the brain during times of starvation. Glycogen's function in sustaining blood-glucose levels is imperative because glucose is essentially the only fuel source used by the brain. The primary function of muscle glycogen is to supply fuel for the contraction of the muscles during exercise. However, insufficient amount of glycogen in the liver and muscles can lead to numerous diseases, diseases like Glycogen Storage Disorders (GSD).

Measurement of body composition is used as it correlates to training and diet/ exercise programs. Introduces the student to the physiological responses and adaptations of individuals to exercise as well as the application to sports medicine, rehabilitation and general fitness. The laboratory provides experiences that demonstrate the underlying theoretical constructs that govern physiological responses and adaptations to exercise.

The body constantly needs energy to work. This energy, at the cellular level, supplied in the form of chemical potential energy stored in ATP needs to be regeneration in order to fuel more cellular activity and this can be done aerobically or anaerobically(Astrand 1956). Energy to sustain high intensity workouts cannot eventually be fully supported by anaerobic pathways, resulting in an increased reliance on aerobic metabolism (Bogdanis et al. 1996). The level of fitness to carry out anaerobic exercises may be influenced by aerobic capacity (Kaikkonen et al.2000, Tomlin and Wegner 2011).

An athlete needs to ensure that they consume enough fuel to complete activities undertaken. The amount of energy required depends on many factors including size and weight of the athlete, level and intensity of the training, and due to this the amount of energy required varies from person to person. However if more energy is consumed than required, the excess is stored as fat and weight will increase, on the other hand if insufficient energy is consumed the body calls upon its stores to meet the demand and weight will be lost.

Moving on to the bioenergetics chapter, I did not do as much studying on this chapter because I already have a solid understanding of bioenergetics from exercise physiology, biomechanics, essentials to strength and conditioning, and adaptations of exercise classes. The chapter went into the different energy systems and how the play a role in exercise and how the body uses the different ones as time increases to continually fuel the workout. The chapter started with the most immediate energy system (ATP-PCr) and then moved on to Glycolysis,