Carbohydrates Lab Report

The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,

Brooks GA, Fahey TD, Baldwin KM (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Application. 4th Edition

The student will be introduced to the field of kinesiology by providing a broad overview of the major topics in the area. * HWE 237 EXERCISE*, NUTRITION Discusses the concepts of improved performance in all fitness areas. Emphasis is placed upon updated information associated with nutrition and human performance.

To investigate the effect of food GI content on exercise induced cardiovascular, metabolic and respiratory function.

As we eat protein, fat and carbohydrates, as the main energy source, carbohydrates or glucose (simple sugar) break down into complex molecules. We need steady supply of glucose in between meals and at times like doing extensive workouts, there is an elevated demand for

FRACTIONALIZED EXERCISE ON CALORIC... : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Retrieved December 2, 2014, from http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Citation/2002/05001/EFFECTS_OF_CONTINUOUS_VS_FRACTIONALIZED_EXERCISE.1214.aspx

Nutrition and fatigue are two major areas of exercise and sport. Sport and nutrition together can be a major factor in preventing fatigue, and maintaining a good diet can help keep the athlete consistent with training and performance without the training load being too detrimental and leaving the athlete with excessive fatigue, illness or recurring injuries. Training and eating becomes a cycle of preparation and recovery, with meals and snacks consumed after one session becoming the pre-event meal for a subsequent workout. The ingestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins all aid in the promotion of optimal training and performance. As well as food fuels, recovery is a significantly important factor in regards to having an adequate training session or

The endurance of exercise performance could be limited by the availability of muscle glycogen (Roberts PA1 2016).

Soccer players during training and match-play perform intermittent work demanding high metabolic rates to be sustained. Players require

The rats were randomly divided two groups of training group (12) or sedentary control group (12). Both groups were housed in a standard laboratory cage in a room 12h/12h ( light/dark cycle). The temperature was determined to be (22 ± 2 ̊C) and humidity (55 ± 10%. The training group performed eight-week training sessions, 5 times a week using a standard treadmill. To determine the effect of endurance training on the rate of oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine and glycerol-3-phosphate at the end of eight weeks both groups of rats were decapitated and the hind limbs were removed to measure muscle homogenates, and a mitochondria fraction. To determine protein concentration they used Brandforth method with BAS standers. The amounts of mitochondrial respiration measurements were achieved in isolated mitochondria at different temperature (25 ̊C, 35 ̊C, and 42 ̊C). This was based on other experiments done with results collected when muscle temperatures were at rest. Hansatech oxygen electrode was used to determine the oxygen uptake. To determine the protein levels through immunoblotting biogenesis markers, muscle fatty acid transporter CD36, and other mitochondrial Proteins involved in fatty acid metabolism RIPA

The percentage of energy supplied for the body’s energy needs by fats and carbohydrates varies at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and after 45 minutes of a marathon. The biochemical events that occur at these time points will be evaluated in terms of the mobilisation of fats and carbohydrates, the pathways each takes to produce energy and their yield in producing Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Fats and carbohydrates differ in their structure, energy yield and the way they are stored in the body. For these reasons, they are not used equally by the body; and one predominates over the other at different times in a marathon. The structure of fats consist of one glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acid chains via ester bonds, and are termed triglycerides.

The results of the comparison between the three protocols (training fasted, training carbohydrate rich breakfast, training fat rich breakfast) showed that RER was significantly higher after consuming a breakfast (carbohydrate breakfast0.88±0.03; fat breakfast 0.76±0.04) when compared to the fasted state (0.81±.02), this can be explained because of an increase of carbohydrate utilization after consuming food. An expected outcome from the study proved that RER was increased by food intake, suggesting a shift of substrate utilization from lipids to carbohydrate (Paoli et al., 2011; Keogh et al., 2007). The RER was highest when consuming a carbohydrate breakfast and lowest when in the fasted state. This was expected as the participants were using more carbohydrates as an energy source proving that training when fasted

Sports nutrition combines the sciences of nutrition and exercise physiology. It is a specialization within the field of nutrition that partners closely with the study of human body and exercise science. With so much emphasis placed on sports nowadays, there has been a dramatic increase in the research and development of the perfect nutrition plan a sportsperson may need. It is a well- documented fact that nutrition is fundamental to the athletic performance of a professional athlete. Today the world of sports is much more competitive than the earlier days. In a bid to beat the competition, athletes need to stay fit and healthy at all times. Having a prescribed nutrition can help a sportsperson achieve his/her goals more easily.

A similar study in 2000 comparing muscle glycogen concentration in relating to finishing diet found that at when feeding a high energy diet before slaughter, the cattle had a higher glycogen concentration in their muscles than those that were fed a low-energy diet (). Our study showed similar results, with a slight increase in glycogen concentration, although our data did not show a large difference, with modification to the methods and sample size a similar result may be

An athlete needs to ensure that they consume enough fuel to complete activities undertaken. The amount of energy required depends on many factors including size and weight of the athlete, level and intensity of the training, and due to this the amount of energy required varies from person to person. However if more energy is consumed than required, the excess is stored as fat and weight will increase, on the other hand if insufficient energy is consumed the body calls upon its stores to meet the demand and weight will be lost.