Carbon Emissions From Motor Vehicles For The Future

The rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels for energy services—notably transportation, heating, and the generation of electricity—is known to be one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one-fourth of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it becomes the world’s single largest emitter of atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since 1970, the U.S. share of net import of crude oil and consumption had been increased significantly and the majority of the imported liquid-based petroleum fuels were used for U.S. transportation sector (EIA, 2010). Today, the transportation is the second

Although internal combustion engines are what powers most cars on the road today, its efficiency is very low. An average combustion engine today is only able to convert 20% of the thermal energy content of gasoline into doing mechanical work (3). Most of the energy is lost to heat which

However, some pundits are concerned that adopting hydrogen energy as the sole strategy for the issues facing the automobile’s future is problematic because of the lengthy time frame in which they are projected to become ubiquitous. Furthermore, the present infrastructure for the distribution of hydrogen fuel sources or the production of hydrogen fuel cells is not only insufficient, but slow to develop. As such, fossil fuels are presently the main source for hydrogen production, which means that hydrogen vehicles do not successfully decouple the automobile from a fossil fuel economy. This is also widely inefficient because it will generate four times the carbon dioxide emissions generated by gasoline efficient automobiles. Furthermore, compressing hydrogen for the purposes of

The studies have shown that electric vehicles can reduce greenhouse gas emissions to “6.12 billion tons annually” (Westbrook, 2001). Even though they need mainly coal as a supply of electricity, they produce less harmful emissions than oil, which is the main source of energy for transport modes, driven by gasoline (Westbrook, 2001). With the development of renewable energy technologies that use the power of wind or solar energy, people can get a clean source of electricity, which will make the electric car more friendly to nature. In addition, the introduction of “regenerative braking system” will allow cars to convert the force of inertia into electricity, thus, adding, extra batteries, which, in return, increase its

Climate change and transportation play a big role and it is important to be concerned for our future generations. The use of gasoline cars is a major producer in carbon dioxide emissions, although they are not entirely responsible for it—they play a role in it. Other form of transportations like buses and taxis also contribute to carbon dioxide emissions. The total amount of carbon dioxide emissions from an average car is seventy six percent which comes from usage of a vehicle containing gasoline. Efficiency has increased by twenty percent in regards to electric motors, especially when it comes to their wheels using no power when the car is at rest. Car ownership will increase and with this, improvements in technology could be a vital

The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the entire world. As the world’s population grows and economic development occurs, the auto industry also expands. Unfortunately the growth in car numbers has had a negative environmenta, impact due to carbon dioxide and particulate emissions generated and released from the combustion process. Technology has developed a solution by utilizing the concept of hydrogen fuel cells. As the years have passed, there has been continuous development on automotive fuel cells and now it has come close to mass production of these vehicles. The main problem is the continued development of hydrogen fuel cells and their infrastructure may not be worth the cost.

Figs. 5(b) and (c) show the CO and THC emissions from the combustion of the four fuels under different BMEPs. The CO emissions from the combustion of all the four fuels decreased gradually with increasing BMEP. Under a small BMEP, the combustion temperature was generally low, and the CO emissions mainly came from the combustion in the cylinder low-temperature regions [43]; as the BMEP increased, the in-cylinder temperature increased and the CO emissions decreased. It can also be observed that CO emissions increased after the addition of n-butanol to pure diesel. This happens because n-butanol has a low cetane number and shows poor combustibility, and a larger portion of over-thin gas mixture was formed before the combustion, thus the combustion

The United States burns about a quarter of the world’s oil, half of which the gasoline powered automobile is responsible for (Lovins, 2004). For this reason, efficient, electrical forms of transportation are one of the key factors to limiting America’s oil dependence. Dating back to the late nineteenth century, the idea of the electric car is nothing new, however, in just recent years it has finally made significant progress. Innovations have enabled the electric vehicle to be portable and more attractive in recent years causing more people to make the switch from gas to electric. The transition from gasoline cars to electric vehicles projects significant breakthroughs for American energy including low dependence on oil and a cleaner future.

The use of carbon based sorbent, which is relatively cheap and with large surface area, to reduce nitrous oxide emission has been studied for

In an attempt to meet climate emissions goals, scientists are obtaining and using carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and other sources. In theory, carbon dioxide is easy to capture. This is because it is acidic, and it reacts effortlessly with simple bases like amines. In practice, however, amine scrubbing, the method used by some power plants to capture carbon dioxide for cleaning flue gases, is defeated because it encloses the greenhouse gas in water-based solutions. An abundance of energy is required to heat these great amounts of water in order to release the carbon dioxide that was captured and to renew the amines.

Hydrate-based CO2 separation is a new technology in which hydrates are formed by exposing Carbon dioxide to water at high pressures. Differences in phase equilibrium cause formation of hydrates. Gas hydrates are crystalline solids in which guest molecules are trapped inside the H-bonded water molecule network. The structure of the hydrate is determined by the shape and size of the guest molecule. This presence of the guest molecule stabilizes the structure at temperatures well above the freezing point. Gas hydrates formation technique may be used to treat the flue gas from power plants in which CO2 is separated from N2 and O2. The basis of the separation is that CO2 is preferentially encaged into the hydrate crystal due to the lower equilibrium

Electric cars are becoming very popular in today’s world and are becoming more main stream. One reason for this is the need for automobiles that have a lower or a zero carbon footprint. For the majority of the history of the automobile, the propulsion system was a gas or a diesel engine that would run off of fossil fuels. The burning of fossil fuels is very hazardous to our world and also creates much toxic pollution. However, electric cars run off of electricity, which is a very clean and pollution free resource, depending on how the electricity was produced of course. In this paper we are going to examine the history of electric cars, look into modern electric car technology, and peer into the future of electric car technology to see if EVs might be the answer to dramatically reducing our global pollution.

In 2016, fossil fuel products (petroleum and gas) provided around 95 % of the energy for transportation in U.S. (IPCC, 2014). Since mobility has increased, the greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds have also increased due to the fossil fuel consumption. Other than the environmental concerns, fossil fuels are also considered to be limited. Because of all these problems, alternative and more sustainable solutions are being researched and developed. One of the long-term solutions is considered to be fuel cells that are based on renewable fuels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received substantial attention in transportation sector due to its greater power density and

It involves separating CO2 from other gases at large industrial process facilities or electricity generation plants. This can be done in three ways: pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture and oxy-fuel combustion.

The paper reports water and gas flow measurements through carbon nanotubes with diameters of less than 2 nanometers. The measurement of water flow indicated that the values exceeded those predicted by hydrodynamics models by several orders of magnitude. The water flow rates were similar to those predicted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The measurement of gas flow revealed that the predictions given by the Knudsen Diffusion model, commonly employed for systems in which the pore diameter ranges in between 2 and 50 nm, were off by more than an order of magnitude. The study also showed that these nanotubes had greater permeability of gas and water as compared to commercial polycarbonate membranes, which are generally used for filtration, despite having pore sizes that were smaller in size. This study is interesting because it provides for an in depth study of mass transfer and filtration at a nanometer level in a confined space.