Carbon Is The Fastest Most Abundant Element On Earth

This paper will discuss the new glassy carbon discovery. This is done by giving a brief background about the glassy carbon and its uses, as well as the diamonds that can be made of

Graphene synthesis usually utilise a method called exfoliation, which is defined as taking the outermost layer of graphite. There are three major types of exfoliation: chemical, mechanical, and thermal. The paper mainly focuses on chemical and mechanical exfoliation for graphene synthesis, which are the methods with highest number of experiments done.

What is graphene? According to Merriam-Webster, graphene is defined as “an extremely electrical conductive form of elemental carbon that is composed of a single flat sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a repeating hexagonal lattice

The discovery of fullerenes also led to research in carbon nanotubes, the cylindrical cousins of buckyballs, and the development of new fields of advanced materials. Carbon nanotubes unique structural and bonding properties, whereby inner tubes in a multi-walled nanotube can slide within an outer tube, suggest uses in tiny motors and as ball bearings and lubricants. Twenty-five years after their discovery, fullerenes provide abundant research opportunities in pure chemistry, materials science, pharmaceutical chemistry, and nanotechnology. Buckminsterfullerenes are found in soot and ash. It also found in skin creams combine with olive oil. It is not available as a food supplement or drug. It is not tested for use in humans other than skin supplies. It often acts as an antioxidant but it can also be toxic especially after exposure to

Some examples of compounds formed by carbon include diamonds which are pure carbon and are the hardest substance known to man with no known other material that can cut them. Graphite which is also a pure carbon-based molecule can be found in your pencil as lead. The oil in our cars is made of carbon, and the plastic of your keypad is carbon-based. Additionally, Carbon nanotubes which can self assemble and provide not only incredible strength, but also electrical, optical, thermal and kinetic properties like no other materials (The Biochemical Essense of Life: Carbon, n.d.). Another key feature of carbon is that its bonds are strong enough to resist environmental stresses, but weak enough to be manipulated by our bodies with enzymes which is a requirement of any organism’s metabolism (The Biochemical Essense of Life: Carbon, n.d.).

These edge regions are where the oxygen functional groups are located. Previous studies have shown that carbon surfaces are made up of graphene layer surfaces and oxygen containing functional groups on the edges9. The most common oxygen functional groups on the carbon surface are lactone, carboxyl, phenol/quinine, carbonyl and ether groups25. Furthermore, quinine functional groups are considered responsible for the activated carbon reactivity along with lactones that participate in redox reactions. The carboxyl groups are responsible for adsorption of heavy metal ions such as silver by participating in ion exchange

Thus, it is reasonable to expect more layers of graphene on nickel and less layers graphene on copper.

The idea of nanotechnology was first discovered by nobel prize winner physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. In the 1980 the first SPM was developed by IBM scientist in zurich. In 1991 a new form of carbon was discovered, the nanotube which was soon later on used for one of the building block for nanomaterial and nanomachines. In 1986 a book written by Eric Drexler spared the public interest in nanotechnology since the the NNI started by president Bill Clinton invested millions which in 2020 would turn into one trillion dollars. Nanotechnology is used in many things today like sunscreen, cars, in computers, medicine and in many other things to come in the future and in today's day and

Each carbon atom is covalently bonded (sp2 hybridized) to three other carbon atoms in a hexagonal array, leaving one free electron per each carbon atom. Each hexagon in the graphene sheet exhibits two pi-electrons, which are delocalized allowing for the efficient conduction of electricity. A single layer of graphite is called grapheme. This material displays extraordinary electrical, thermal and physical properties. Graphene is technically a non-metal but is often referred to as a quasi-metal due to its properties being like that of a semiconducting material and allowing it to display high electron mobility at room temperature.

Graphite is a form of carbon which is an element. In graphite, the carbon atoms are joined together and arranged in layers. The links between the carbon atoms in the layer are strong, but the links between the layers are weak. The layers easily slip over each other. That's why graphite in a pencil is soft and you can see a mark when you write with it on paper.

Graphene is easy to make you only need Scotch tape and some pencil lead (carbon is not lead it is graphite). It is one of the most versatile elements and is in all forms of steel. Due to graphite being so soft it is a great lubricant and can be bought in a very fine powder for that application. Diamonds are one of the hardest material. Diamonds have found applications in jewelry to tools and equipment. The best tools you can buy have micro diamonds inserted into the metal of the tools. Diamond drill bits are able to drill into hardened metal without breaking or severely disfiguring the bits. However if you heat diamonds up to much they will be oxidized into carbon dioxide. Fires make micro diamonds that almost immediately burn up. The structural difference of these two forms are interesting. The graphite has a hexagonal structure, and the diamond has a square crystalline structure which accounts for its hardness. Since carbon is a group 4a element, meaning it has two inner electrons and four outer and needs four or to give four electrons to get its perfect form, and most bonds of carbon are hexagonal or like a tree with branches coming off from the carbon. Carbon has the highest number of possible bonds of all of the elements, which is why it is the basis of life and organisms are able to be so different.

In general, the Buckminster Fullerene is the third allotropic form of Carbon, with the other two being Graphite and Diamond. The more proper term used to describe these compounds in regards to Carbon compounds would be Graphenes.

Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is the 4th most abundant element by mass in the universe. It is found in a large majority of organic material on Earth and its ability to bond in many different ways allows for a large diversity of organic compounds. These organic compounds that are formed in different shapes and structures are called allotropes. Carbon is a special element that is the base for almost all organic compounds and since it can form many allotropes of itself, and its allotropes have many different uses that can be applied to modern science. The most common allotropes of carbon are: diamonds, amorphous carbon, graphite, nanotubes, and fullerenes. Some of these allotropes have already made big

Through the use of Smalley’s advance laser, laurites were able to create clusters of carbon 60 and 70 atoms (The Discovery). These “buckyballs” formed when graphene was evaporated into an inert atmosphere at very high temperatures (The Discovery). Their unique nanospheric structure gave birth to new questions, ultimately expanding the field of practical uses in the real world today.

Chemically modified graphene, or CMG, is graphene with other elements attached to its lattice. Such elements are often metals or a form of silicon, and serve to affect some property of the graphene and make it