Carbon Nanotubes On The Delivery Of Pharmaceuticals

Hugh Savagè has liver cancer. Chemotherapy failed, surgery failed. In a last ditch attempt to save his own life, Hugh signs up for a miracle trial using nanotechnology. In this trial, the widely-used chemotherapy drug Epirubicin was attached to nanodiamonds (carbon structures with a diameter of about five nanometres) to cultivate a nanodiamond-Epirubicin drug delivery complex (EPND). Researchers have found that while both the usual Epirubicin and EPND are capable of killing normal cancer cells, only EPND is capable of killing chemo resistant cancer stem cells and preventing secondary tumour formation in xenograft models of liver cancer.

Nanocarriers (NCs) have emerged as a favored drug delivery approach towards improving the anticancer benefits of several bioactives for cancer therapy with recent reports showing the application of NC systems in clinical settings [18]. The NCs with size < 100 nm have been associated with enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) due to the presence of leaky vasculature in the tumor tissues which contributes to its enhanced efficacy. Also recently, NCs have shown to be effective in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma [19]. A recent study by Kanai et al. showed that the NC albumin-bound paclitaxel and carboplatin (nabPC) repetitively achieved tumor regression in malignant mesothelioma

Nanobots are invented to solve problems concerning cancer. Uncontrolled mitosis leads to cancer which have higher tendency to happen when mechanism that controls the cell is distrupted. In 2012, according to the World Health Organization, cancer is one of the leading cause of fatal. In Canada, approximately 30% of deaths are caused by cancer and abouy 191,300 new cases of cancer are expected in the year 2014. Annually, 14.1 milllon of new cases were reported while globally, there were 8.2 billion of deaths. Cancer cells need to compete with normal cells to obtain sufficient nutrient and energy for growth. Cancer cells divide out of control and are able to able to spread to other cell, tissue and organ which will result in malfunction and death.

The Cerulean group is focused on enhancing treatments for individuals living with disease. Established in 2006, the organization is creating nanopharmaceutical medicines that expect to target tumors, while saving whatever remains of the body. This is unique to other lethal diseases drugs. The group's lead component is hopeful. CRLX101 is in different trials with affirmed cancer medications to release the force of this powerful therapy.

The ongoing nanoparticle systems have provided a semi-solid foundation in mitigating tumours but further arenas are being explored in cancer therapeutics so as to enhance the drug delivery process. The researchers have suggested and made use of nanoparticles in the size range of 1 -100 nm. Nanoparticles are known to elicit a

This technology gives the new directions in research, patenting, education and also in technology transfer related to different field. Out of different field one area is ‘naomedicine drug delivery’ in which the development is progressing more rapidly. This sector belongs to the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery. In this sector hundreds of products related to nanotechnology based are available in the market and more products will be come in next decade

Reducing toxicity of therapeutic materials is the main aim of developing drug-delivery systems that is achieved using CNTs.1, 2 The intense interest in CNTs is due to the capability of adsorbing or conjugating with a wide variety of medicinal molecules and their unique chemical and physical properties and potential applications from high strength and low weight nanocomposite materials to electronic devices. Drug molecule penetrate through the cancer cell by CNT to treat diseases and thereby potentially reducing the drug side effects by preserving the non-targeted tissues of the patients.3-5 The

In the past two decades, the use of nanoparticles, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, to deliver drugs into the human body has revolutionized the medical field. The advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery system include the drug’s longer circulation half-life, reduced side effects and improved pharmacokinetics.5 As a result, the emergence of a new field of medicine called nanomedicine is being vastly researched and studied to advance clinical therapeutics. Currently, nanomedicine field involve the use of nanotechnology for drug delivery vehicle, biosensoring, bioimaging and tissue engineering. For example, photodynamic therapy destroys the cancerous tissue by changing a drug’s chemistry with the use of an external energy source, usually a

Novelty – The authors of this paper appear to demonstrate a novel functionalization for DNA origami-based drug delivery nanocarriers: transferrin. It is noted, however, that transferrin has been used as a targeting ligand in other forms of nanocarriers. Perhaps this detail should be more clearly stated to clarify that neither transferrin nor DNA origami are novel concepts, but rather their successful combination

Innovation is the key word in the present era. As scientists are engrossed in development of newer drug molecules, there has also been a continuous demand for the development of delivery forms for these drugs. The main focus is on achieving reduced dosage and to make the drugs more cost effective.

Figure 4.1.4 Illustration of three different liposome formulations. The drug is hydrophobic and incorporated into the bilayer membrane. Figure created by M. Muthu, 201145.

This presentation will introduce you to the use and function of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine. Nanotechnology is a developing science that involves the manipulation of materials. This is executed on the scale of fewer than 100 nanometers. The goal of this technology is to optimise the utility and therefore increase the control of atoms and molecules. This presentation will explain what carbon nanotubes are, the purpose of using them in the delivery of pharmaceuticals in medicine and of course how they have improved scientific research so far.

• Chemically compatible with the drug and not form a strongly bonded complex with the drug.

Cancer is one of the main leading causes of deaths worldwide. The reason for this is due to the poor results of the conventional chemotherapy. The primary cause of this is owing to the lack of selectivity of these drugs. Low molecular weight drugs can enter all types of cells by random diffusion, hence they not only attack tumor cells but they also attack healthy cells with the same potency resulting in severe toxicity. Hence, scientists need to develop strategies to selectively target drugs to tumor cells, to prevent the toxic side effects. One of the most effective strategies to overcome this problem is to exploit the anatomical and pathophysiological abnormalities of tumor tissues such as the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect for anticancer drug delivery. EPR effect is basically the gradual accumulation and retention of certain size molecules (such as nanoparticles, liposomes and macromolecular drugs) in tumor tissues.

Nanotechnology (nano: One billionth) is a novel stadium with guaranteeing applications in the field of medication, particularly pharmaceuticals for protected and focused on medication conveyance. The skin is a wonderful device for examination of nanocarriers for medication conveyance for topical and dermatological application. The physicochemical attributes of the nanoparticles, for example, unbending nature, hydrophobicity, size and charge are pivotal to the skin saturation component. Numerous nanocarriers, for example, polymeric, inorganic and lipid nanoparticles and nanoemulsions have been produced and some like carbon nanotubes regardless fullerenes need further investigation for future use in healthy skin and dermatological medications. Dangers of nanopollution and cytotoxicity additionally need to be remembered while investigating different nanoparticles for medicinal utilization.