Carbon Nanotubes

* Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged, and electrons are negatively charged.

2. The carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shells, its electrons will readily form a covalent bond, it will readily bond with other carbon atoms, and will also share more than one electron with other atoms are three characteristics of the carbon atom that are important in forming organic compounds.

It starts in the atmosphere, then moves, gets used, and placed into multiple different reservoirs. Nature causes the carbon to move through animals and plants. The fast carbon cycle is measured within a lifespan. It runs through the atmosphere, plants, animals, and soil. The slow carbon takes eons for carbon to move from the reservoirs, consisting of the surface ocean, deep ocean, and fossil fuels.“...takes between 100-200 million years to move” (Riebeeck p.2). Carbon that is stored into abiotic and biotic organisms, creates matter. Without carbon, fossil fuels wouldn’t be created (or anything alive, for that matter.) “Carbon is the backbone of life” (Riebeeck p.1). The carbon cycle somewhat regulates the concentration of carbon in one area by having multiple

Diamond is affected by the rock cycle in many different ways. One way is that without the process of which metamorphic rocks would form, then there would be no diamonds (Crain). They need to go through that process, so the sediments become a diamond. Another way that diamonds are affected by, as said by Crain, the rock cycle is the process of how Igneous rocks will be formed. Depending on the volcanic eruption happened the diamond may be created differently. There are different paths the sediments can take to become a diamond, also all the ways are made possible by the rock cycle.

Since diamond is such a durable material, it can only be cut by another diamond.

* Diamond is the strongest natural mineral known by a man. It is a crystalline form of carbon.

Diamond is one of the most expensive gemstones. It is rare and it has difficult ways to extract. Diamond has been discoverd from thousands of years, it is the result of exposure carbon to heat under the ground over onethousand and fourhandred dgrees, and this is how diamonds are shaped. In this essay I will write , explain and compare between the four article about purpose and audence.

Carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radioisotope, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

Carbon has six total electrons; two of the electrons it has are in its first electron shell while the other four are its valence electrons. Due to its four valence electrons, it rarely gains and/or loses electrons and/or form ionic bonds due to the fact it would have to give away or take four other electrons. In order to complete its outer shell, carbons shares its valence electrons with other atoms by having four separate covalent bonds. The carbon atom then becomes the crossing point where each molecule branches off into four separate directions.Carbon’s electron configuration allows it to bond frequently with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. If the carbon atom forms only a single covalent bond, The electrons form so that its bonds angle towards an imaginary tetrahedron.

However, this product is a harmful contaminant. Asbestos has the tendency to break into small particles and remain suspended in the air for longer durations. Any individual that comes in contact or inhales it becomes vulnerable to serious diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer or the mesothelioma lung cancers.

2a) Many characteristics allows carbon to be the base of biological molecules. Due to the four valance electrons carbon can bond with up to four other electrons in covalent bonds. This allows carbon to become the central point for many macromolecules. Carbon is also relatively small in size and is readily available on Earth. Carbon can also bin to other carbon atoms and can make single, double, or triple bonds. Due to this, long strings of carbon atoms can be created with seemingly no limit. The carbon-carbon bonds easily allow similar macromolecules with different functional groups. The shape of carbon-based macromolecules also easily vary. Shapes such as chains, rings, and branches are commonplace. With variance of shape, carbon can be the base for isomers; molecules with the same formula but different structures. Carbon is the only element on the periodic table that uniquely has all these characteristics.

Inside the cartomizer, a copper wire coated with silver is coupled to a thinner nickel-chromium wire; wires are attached to each other and the mouthpiece and air tube via tin solder joints. The silver coating and tin solder are sometimes missing. Tin particles and tin whiskers from the solder joints were identified in outer fiber and cartridge fluid, which was cytotoxic in assays using human pulmonary fibroblasts. Present in EC aerosols were tin, silver, iron, nickel, aluminum, and silicate particles (>1 µm), and tin, chromium, and nickel nanoparticles (<100 nm). The elemental concentrations were equal or greater than conventional cigarettes. The findings demonstrate the need for improved quality controls and investigations on how EC aerosol affects human

Nanotechnology is found in our every day lives, from the tires on your cars to the medicines that can save your life. Every day this concept improves our lives. It gives us the ability to discover new and helpful things. Research shows that the problems with healthcare will be minimized. Nanotechnology will help solve medical problems by identifying the problem and locating it so that is can be treated. It will eventually give us the technology that only exists in the movies. It will give us the ability to go farther in space and discover if there is truly other life out there. Nanotechnology will eventually help us to do what many only dream of. The one thing that it will give us that will impact us the most is improve performance of many of the things that we buy and use every day. It will widen our perspective on life. Nanotechnology is defined as “Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1 - 100 nanometer range. Creating and using structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. It is the ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.” (National Nanotechnology Initiative).

Graphene is a form of carbon which has recently been receiving a great deal of attention. Some have come to call it “the wonder material” due to its many extraordinary properties. Although isolated in 2004, graphene's properties had been calculated decades earlier. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. A single sheet of graphene is stronger than steel and yet remains very flexible, retaining all of its properties despite being bent and unbent multiple times. It is able to sustain extremely high electric current densities, is impermeable to all gasses, has a thermal conductivity double that of diamond and a very high electron mobility at room temperature. It is also easily chemically functionalized,

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are molecular-scale cylindrical tubes of graphitic carbon1. Their unique structures give them an extremely large surface area, good electronic conductivity, excellent thermal stability and strength. CNTs have been successfully applied in various fields such as medicine delivery2, aerospace3, construction4 and incorporated into numerous consumer products5, with potential uses in everything from tennis racquets and bulletproof vests to electronic components and energy storage devices. The size of global CNTs market is estimated to reach $ 5.64 billion by 2020 from $ 2.26 billion in 20156. Therefore, the likelihood of CNTs being released into the environment during their manufacture, use and disposal of products containing CNT has definitely increased7. Despite exceptional properties that are valuable in many applications, there is potential concern regarding its negative influence on environmental or human health8. Information on the amounts of CNTs accumulated or deposited in various environmental matrices is required before any risk or hazardous assessment can be conducted. Typical methods that can be used for determining carbon content such as total organic carbon (TOC) analysis simply provide a nonspecific measurement of carbon, and are not able to distinguish CNTs from other carbon sources in environmental matrices. Therefore, a quantitative method that is specific for CNTs is needed.