Cardiac Conditions Case Study

The most common physiological process leading to a myocardial infarction is the occlusion of coronary arteries by a process known as atherosclerosis. In fact, atherosclerosis is present in more than 90% of persons with coronary heart disease.1

The cardiovascular disease defines conditions that affect the heart or blood vessels. Thrombosis, which emanates from blood clots, reduced blood flow to the heart, brain and the rest of the body. When fatty acids deposit in the artery, it hardens and narrows. These issues lead to stroke, coronary heart disease, aortic disease and peripheral arterial disease. Coronary heart disease occurs due to a reduced or blocked flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart. It is a result of accumulated fats in the coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are a set of blood vessels that take blood to the heart. When they become narrow, the heart gets less of a supply of blood and oxygen causing chest pains, called angina or a heart attack, explains VanMeter &

Situation: Two patients in their 70s present to the office at different times today, each with documented heart failure: one diastolic and the other systolic, and both are hypertensive. First, discuss the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure, providing appropriate pathophysiology. ACEI/ARBs are the only medications prescribed for CHF that have been found to prolong life and improve the quality of that life. EXPLAIN the mechanism of action of ACEI/ARBs and how they affect morbidity and mortality in CHF. Be specific. Diuretics must be used very carefully in diastolic ventricular dysfunction. EXPLAIN this statement using appropriate physiology. Now considering all of the above, describe an appropriate comprehensive plan of

Angiotension II receptor blockers-decrease chemicals that narrow blood vessels allowing blood to flow easily and decreases salt and fluid build-up. Antiarrhythmic-treat abnormal heart rhythms. Antiplatelet-prevent blood clots. Aspirin- help prevent strokes and heart disease. Beta-blockers-help reduce hypertension and congestive heart

Nevertheless, there is an understandable and noticeable link between circulatory related diseases and lifestyle diseases, such as Coronary Heart Disease. Coronary heart disease can occur when fatty acids, such as cholesterol in an inadequate diet, build up in the walls of the coronary artery. These fatty deposits collect minerals and harden to become a plaque. Eventually, this plaque grows and can swells up, forming an aneurism. In some cases, this aneurism may burst leading to instant death. As it continues to grow and swell up, it finally blocks the artery completely and forms blood clots. This is known as coronary thrombosis. A myocardial infarction, or in other words as heart attack, occurs when no oxygen is able to reach the coronary artery and thus it is unable to fulfil its role in providing the heart muscle with a sufficient supply of blood. Heart attacks are very common in the society nowadays, especially occurring in smokers or obesity related diseases (Millar, June 2014)

Coronary Artery Disease, also known as CAD, is the most common form of heart disease. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Coronary Artery Disease obstructs the blood flow in vessels that provides blood to the heart which is caused by the buildup of plaque on the artery walls. (Rogers, 2011, p.87) (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque is a yellow substance that consists of fat substances, like cholesterol, and narrows or clogs the arteries which prevents blood flow. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque can build up in any artery but usually favors large and medium sized arteries. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009)

Beta-blockers have been recently reported to decrease mortality in heart failure patients. Mortality and hospitalization rates for patients with the disease are high and continue to rise. Despite the magnitude of the problem, treatment of congestive heart failure is often inadequate. Primary care physicians care for most patients with heart failure. Beta-blocker therapy is appropriate in patients with NYHA class II or class III symptoms resulting from left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Unless contraindicated, beta-blockers should be considered a mainstay of therapy in these patients to improve symptoms and mortality and to decrease hospitalizations. Beta-blockers should not be administered to patients with heart failure who have bradycardia, heart block or hemodynamic instability.

Heart failure is more commonly diagnosed in the elderly population. There are ways to help manage heart failure like lifestyle modifications and use of pharmacology, and assessment for surgical intervention. Treatment of heart failure requires intensive medical, dietary, behavioral, and lifestyle modification to achieve improved quality of life, fewer hospitalizations, and decreased mortality (Singh, H., McGregor, Nigro, Higginson, and Larsen, 2014).

Coronary illness is the development of plaque (fat store on the inward dividers of the veins) in the coronary conduits that supply O2 rich blood to the heart muscle, the development of plaque is called atherosclerosis. After some time passes plaques may solidify therefore limiting blood stream or totally obstructing the corridor. The development of plaque is straightforwardly identified with a people way of life, normal danger elements incorporate stoutness, high blood cholesterol and diabetes. At the point when the endothelium is harmed by blood stream, the cholesterol and fats in the blood get stuck shaping plaques. This outcomes in hypertension due the heart endeavoring to supply obliged levels of blood to the body. In the event that the blood stream to the heart muscles is limited or blocked it may

Beta Blockers are known as a medicine that used to treat a person who has a blood pressure. By blocking the effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline, this drug can lower blood pressure, slow down the heart rate and lessen the force of the blood impelled in the body. While taking this drug, it requires to check the pulse daily and when it is slower than it was supposed to be, ask the doctor if the medication needs to take that day. Sometimes, the beta blocker doesn’t work right while the person is also using another drug. The person who is taking this medication should avoid caffeine and alcohol and for those whom this drug may not work with them are older people and people with asthma, for those who has a low blood pressure, and person who has

The two diseases are analogous, as deposits of LDL cholesterol can cause narrowing of blood vessel walls and decrease blood flow in both types of arteries (Chambless et al., 1997). However, coronary artery disease affects the coronary arteries – arteries that branch off of the aorta and deliver blood to the heart (Chambless et al., 1997). Nevertheless, coronary artery disease and carotid artery disease share many common risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and high cholesterol (Chambless et al., 1997). Antiplatelet drugs are commonly prescribed for those suffering from coronary artery disease; thus, many patients who undergo a carotid endarterectomy for carotid artery disease, a procedure that removes material on the inside of an artery in order to correct narrowing, are on blood-thinning medications (Knight, 2003). Two of the most common antiplatelet drugs include acetylsalicylic acid, which is more commonly known as aspirin, and Clopidogrel (Knight, 2003). Both of these drugs can be effective in preventing blood clots in those with coronary artery disease, but they can induce serious complications for those with carotid artery

As previously mentioned, cardiovascular disease has developed to become the major cause of deaths across the world. A cohort study and evidence-based management study was developed to identify the major causes of the disease, analyze key steps, including current medications used to address the disease, and identify ways for mitigating is proliferation. The study was based

Rate control is the older therapeutic strategy but it is still a primary therapy for AF. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers are both effective and well resistant therapies which can be used in a wide range of acute and long-term clinical conditions, as well as both contribute in controlling hypertension. It's investigated that oral beta-blockers are more favorable than calcium channel blockers for patients with ischemic heart disease, CHF and depressed left ventricular function. Digoxin is effective for controlling heart rate especially in sedentary elderly and concomitant CHF patients due to its effectiveness in improving ventricular function. Other potential advantages of rate control include less adverse drug effects and less hospitalization. However, it has some disadvantages including risk of toxicity, chronotropic incompetence and difficulties in achieving dose adjustments in patients with compromised renal function adding that it is not preferred in younger patients and those with a history of

Cardiovascular diseases negatively affect the heart or blood vessels of the body. One of these diseases is known as Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a disease that causes the hardening and narrowing of the arteries. Heart attacks and strokes await those that have these diseases (Joseph et al., 2009). Atherosclerosis can be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol. Endothelium are a thin layer of cells that are supposed to keep the inside of the arteries smooth promoting healthy blood flow. When the endothelium is damaged and bad cholesterol moves past this area it collects. This causes plaque to form in the arteries restricting the flow of blood.

Coronary heart disease is caused by the narrowing of the coronary arteries which is because of the deposition of fats and cholesterol on the inside lining of the arteries. These deposits which also cause hardening of the walls of the arteries also block the flow of oxygen to the heart. This deprives the heart of the needed oxygen that is required for its proper functioning.