Cardiff And Two Cities ' State Of Health

“Abuse is still seriously under reported. I was told by leading British social worker that when they hold training courses for employees, they find that a third of the females and slightly less of the males come forward to talk about their childhood experiences of being abused. Over ninety percent of parents as some time hit their children – and some people hit them several times a week – so there is a great deal of emotional hurt, fear and physical pain in the world today” (Davis 251). For this reason alone it makes perfect sense why violent crime rates are so frighteningly high.

obese, 25 % of social class V are obese. This is the same level as in

I researched two cases reported for abuse. The Winterbourne case which was nationally reported, and a local abuse case of Orme house in Lowestoft. The Winterbourne case was more physical and emotional

According to ourwatch.org, 90% of children from violent homes witness their fathers beating their mothers, in that same category, 63% of all boys aged 11-22 commit crimes and kill the man who abuses their mother. Statistics from Australian bureau of statistics show that abused children or children living in violent homes are arrested four times more often than non-abused or less violent families. Child victims of

According to the National Coalition to the Homeless, Nationally, approximately half of all women and children experiencing homelessness are flamed domestic violence.

The geographic-level aspects involve a range of dimensions, ranging from physical characteristics of the area – such as location and climate (Bloom and Sachs 1998, APUD Wagstaff, 2001), to the infrastructure offered (Macintyre et. al., 2002) such as health services (quantity and quality), sanitation, water supply, roads, and so forth. One interesting hypothesis is that the presence of favorable aspects, like low crime rates, street cleanness and lightening, recreation places, among other “amenities” in the region under analysis mitigate the effects of unfavorable individual circumstances over health; whereas the adverse ones, such as pollution, lack of sanitation or low accessibility to urban facilities, amplify the already perverse influence of deprived individual characteristics on health status (Macintyre et. al., 2002; Kennedy et al., 1998). In California, for instance, Haan, Kaplan and Camacho (1987) found that people from poor areas experienced higher mortality rates (after controlling proper age, race and sex) than the population from non-poverty areas. Such risk of death persisted even after socioeconomic and behavioral adjustments. Similar findings have been reported by Humphries and Carr-Hill (1991); Jones and Duncan (1995) and Duncan et.al. (1993), supporting the hypothesis of the social environment´s influence over health, independently of the individual-level.

Over the course of the last 50 years in the UK the government (England, Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland) have made a great effort in order to improve the overall health of the general population in the UK. This has been achieved through the use of making the general population more aware of the dangers to their health and what they are along with they can do in order to improve it, thereby making better informed decisions in regards to their health when it comes to things such as diet, road safety (driving), exercise, smoking and education.

Domestic Violence is a major issue in Australia right now and many believe that there are not enough resources to help domestic violence victims. 25% of women report being affected by domestic violence in their lifetimes and yet there is still not much being done. One of the main reasons women stays in the home where they are experiencing domestic abuse is because they do not feel safe leaving their home. Domestic violence victims are being turned away from refuges and being sent to motels and caravan parks, the refuges instead take in homeless people.

Smoking was highly prevalent among the men and women in the manual group in Britain in 1946 with 82% which dropped to 55% in the 1970’s and has continued to fall rapidly in the middle 1990’s (ASH, 2007). Furthermore Health and Social Care Information Centre (2013) reported that there has been a drop in the manual groups from 33% in 1998 to 26% in 2010 but this group still smoke more than the social class, in 1998 for instance, non manual group smoked 22% compared to only 15% in 2010 which demonstrates a fall in the non-manual groups and shows there is a fall in their smoking but there is an urgent need to help, promote and support the

The reasoning behind focussing on domestic sexual violence is that despite the media’s portrayal of sexual violence being most commonly committed outside of the home, for example, campaigns depicting ‘stranger danger’ to children (Newiss, 2014). However, statistics from the Crime Survey for England and Wales show that an intimate partner committed 46% of serious sexual assault against females aged 16-59 (Home Office, 2014), whilst research by Smallbone and Wortley (2001) found that 69% of child sexual abuse occurred within the home.

One in five child abuse cases dealt with by the NSPCC involves domestic abuse. Women’s aid have estimated that as many as 150,000 of children are affected by domestic abuse in Wales.

In 2006, an estimated 905,000 children were victims of child abuse or neglect. Statistically, the amount of children that suffer from such abuse is 1 in 10. Younger children are the most vulnerable to the maltreatment that is performed by their parents or guardians. Over 25% of abused children are under the age of 3 and 45% are under the age of 5. The rate of child mortality is higher for boys than girls and 85% of fatalities are caucasian children (Child Abuse Facts 1).

Social Determinants of Health are based on the social and environmental factors in which people live and work. Health in Australia is among the best in the world. However, many Australians, particularly Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders and people who are socio economically disadvantaged suffer poor health compared with the rest of the population. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power and resources at global, national and local levels. When we think of health we generally think it’s affected by factors such as age, genetics, gender and our lifestyle choices such as how much we exercise, what food we eat or unhealthy habits such as smoking and excessive drinking. However these only make up a small part

It is an issue that is also impacting the Australian population as there are a numerous assaults as an outcome of domestic violence (ABC News, 2014).Figure 1 shows high rates of domestic violence related assaults that have occurred only in New South Wales in 2013. In greater Sydney there were 15,413 assaults related to domestic violence (ABC News, 2014).

Socioeconomic issue is also an important affecting factor, generally people with higher education and higher income tends to be less prone to stress. Due to their individual live is at a greater life quality. Quality of life can be defined as “individuals’ perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns.” (WHOQOL, 1995). Socioeconomic status tends to be inversely related to participation in leisure-time physical activity, which may be related to people with low incomes having less discretionary time and less access to exercise facilities and green spaces (McNeill et al., 2006) In developed countries, people tend to have a sedentary lifestyle which can leads to higher levels of obesity, therefore lower overall well-being. A study shown “The percentage of all deaths in England with obesity on the certificate doubled from 0.11% in 1995 to 0.23% in 2006.” (NHS choices, 2010) The researchers concluded: “There is an emerging trend of increased certification of obesity as a cause of death in England.” (NHS choices, 2010) Levels of obesity are increasing dramatically and, if current trends continue, around 90% of men and 80% of women will be overweight or obese by 2050. (Black, DC, 2008).