Cardinal Journal Of Immunology : Asthma And The Ongoing Research

Asthma itself is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness due to a variety of stimulus. The inflammation causes the hyper-responsiveness than in turn causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, resulting in obstruction of airflow. Some

A quite common, yet still horrible disease that people suffer from is asthma, which my uncle suffers from. It’s a terrible thing when you see them pull out that inhaler. You see the pain in their eyes. Also, how they have suffered with this horrendous condition of simply not being able to breath. Asthma is a non-communicable disease that plagues many people around the globe.

To better understand the impact of asthma, a brief overview of the causes (aetiology) and disease progression (pathophysiology) must be shown. As common as asthma is, not much is known about its aetiology, according to findings presented by Subbaroa, Mandhane and Sears (2009, pg. 181-187) in a review from the Canadian

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa and hyperreactive bronchial tubes. Its etiology has been linked to both genetic and environmental factors. Several genes, including those that influence the production of proteins and cells involved in the immune response (such as interleukins, eosinophils, mast cells) have been linked with asthma. A decreased number of T-regulatory cells is also associated with asthma. Environmental factors linked with asthma include exposure to allergens, urban residence, and smoking (or exposure to secondary smoke). Recurrent respiratory tract viral infections may also contribute to the development of asthma. Decreased exposure to certain infectious organisms during early childhood, and the consequent underdevelopment of the immune response, can also lead to the development of asthma--this is known as the hygiene hypothesis (McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 1263-4).

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that affects approximately 22 million people in the United States. Six million of those people are children, making it the most common chronic disease of children (“What is Asthma” and National 1). Asthma may be associated with morbidity, mortality, and diminished quality of life. Asthma is considered a long-term disease because there is currently no cure (Young). Further defining this disorder will be achieved by explaining the disease and symptoms, addressing how it is acquired, ways physicians diagnose it, and elaborating on treatments.

Having Asthma can affect a person in a number of ways. The physical symptoms can range from the occasional cough all the way to life-threatening cases which are not being able to breathe. The seriousness and frequency of asthma symptoms is all dependant on how well the individual can control their Asthma. There are three symptoms of Asthma, the first being airway obstruction. Allergic substances and environmental triggers make a chain of muscle surrounding the airways tighten, and air cannot move freely. So my theory for this type of symptom would be; if a person was running through a park surrounded with many blossoming flowers, they began to sneeze and became short of breath would be because of the pollen floating around in the air. The second symptom is inflammation; with this type people have red swollen bronchial tubes, which are the airways of the lungs. This inflammation is thought to add greatly to the long-term damage Asthma can cause to the lungs. So my understanding for this type would be; a person has had inflammation for years and now has severe damage to his lungs. So therefore, treating this inflammation would be to the key to managing Asthma in the long run. The third symptom is airway irritability; the airways for people with this type are extremely sensitive. The airways tends to overreact and narrow due even the smallest triggers like pollen or animal dander, My theory for this type would be; If a person has got a new with really messy hair that

Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodes in which the bronchioles constrict due to oversensitivity. In asthma, the airways (bronchioles) constrict making it difficult to get air in or out of the lungs. Breathlessness is the main symptom. The bronchi and bronchioles become inflamed and constricted. Asthmatics usually react to triggers. Triggers are substances and situations that would not normally trouble an asthma free person. Asthma is either extrinsic or intrinsic. Extrinsic is when the inflammation in the airway is a result of hypersensitivity reactions associated with allergy (food or pollen). Intrinsic asthma is linked to hyper responsive reactions to other forms of

Asthma is a chronic condition. There is no cure for it, but you can work with your doctors and figure out helpful ways to manage it. Inflammation is the cause of the airways closing with certain triggers it causes the airways to tighten and it makes it hard to breathe. It is easier to help asthma if you know the symptoms and triggers. Some symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. Some of the triggers

Allergic rhinitis is started by an allergic immune response to inhaled allergens. Atopic people have a genetic predisposition to become sensitised to harmless allergens. Dendritic cells which act as antigen-presenting cells capture the allergen and present allergenic peptide to T lymphocytes in lymph nodes. CD4+ T cells play an important role in starting and orchestration of the allergic immune response by secretion of cytokines such as interleukins 4, 5, 10, and 13. Interleukin 4 is fundamental cytokine in driving sensitisation to allergens. Interleukin 4 stimulatesthe IgE switch in B lymphocytes. After releasing of IgE into the bloodstream it binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. When the patient exposure to the allergen and the allergen reach nasal mucosa of sensitised individuals, they bind allergen-specific IgE on the surface of mast cells, resulting in release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.

Lately, Zedan et al characterized three asthma phenotypes as indicated by asthma clinical manifestation[shortness of breath (SOB), cough, wheeze].This review categorizes these clinical phenotypes in light of inflammatory biomarkers, cytokines profile, and their reaction to asthma medications.Children patients with the wheezy asthma phenotype are kids manifested predominantly with wheezes (defined via the affected person or the caregiver as noisy respiration, creaking, whistling, rattling secretions within the throat, jingling) (40).

Asthma can best be described as a chronic inflammatory disease involving the pulmonary airways, and bronchial hyper responsiveness that results in lower airway obstruction (Kudo, Ishigatsubo, & Aoki, 2013). The pathophysiology of asthma involves airway inflammation, intermittent airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyper responsiveness (Kudo et al., 2013). It is now considered to be an assortment of several diseases that have similar characteristics and symptoms (London et al., 2017). Cells that were learned to be associated to airway inflammation include mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, macrophages, and activated T lymphocytes (Mims, 2015). These cells influence smooth muscle tone and contribute to remodeling of the airway. Airway hyper responsiveness in asthma occurs from an overactive response to numerous organisms found from

The term asthma is derived from the Greek word ἅσθμα (asthma), which means breathing with short, quick breaths.17 Asthma is a common inflammatory disease of the airways.18 It is heterogeneous and multifactorial with variable and mostly reversible airflow obstruction.18 Asthma symptoms include cough, rhonchus, wheeze, chest tightness and shortness of breath.17 The causes of asthma are not completely understood. The strongest risk factors were determined as genetic predisposition and exposure to allergens, tobacco smoke, chemical irritants in the workplace and air pollution.19 To date asthma cannot be cured, avoiding triggers and medications can only control it. Failure to use appropriate medications can lead to

Asthma is one of the most common diseases, it affects nearly 300 million people worldwide, and 25 million here in the US 4. “Worldwide, the number is expected to increase to 400 million by 2025” 4. Asthmas primary symptom is airflow obstruction, which results from narrowing of the airways in the lungs. Some common causes of asthma include smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, excessive mucus production, and foreign body or allergens.

Over the last thirty to forty years, the incidence of atopic diseases has increased. Atopic diseases are considered the “classic allergic” diseases like dermatitis, allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma. Atopy is considered the ability to produce IgE (Immunoglobulin E, which is a type of antibody that can be found in small amounts in the body but plays a major role in allergic diseases) in response to common environmental proteins like house dust mites, grass pollen, and food allergens. This increase in diseases led to research into what may be the cause. Genetic predisposition is a key factor in one’s susceptibility to atopic diseases. However, researchers concluded that this particular increase had occurred in too short of a time frame

Levels may continue to rise over many months of maintenance immunotherapy, and elevated levels may persist for many years after immunotherapy is discontinued. The generation of allergen-specific regulatory T and B cells (Tregs and Bregs) and suppression of allergen-specific effector T cell subsets and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). During allergen immunotherapy, allergen-specific Treg cells are generated, which produce IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), and program death molecule 1 (PD1). These cytokines suppress proliferative and cytokine responses against major allergens. IL-10 reduces proinflammatory cytokine release from mast cells, eosinophils, and T cells, and elicits tolerance in T cells by means of selective inhibition of the CD28 costimulatory pathway. The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is required for the development and function of naturally occurring T regulatory cells, and its expression is sufficient to convert nonregulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells into T cells with regulatory activity. FOXP3 expression negatively correlates with levels of IgE, eosinophilia,