Cardiometabolic Syndrome Essay

Towards the end of his medical training in the early 1980s, Gokhan Hotamisligil was working on a unique tumor case on a patient and found they were comprised primarily of fat cells. The fatty tumors were due to a rare condition, Proteus Syndrome. Working in the field of metabolic regulation Hotamisligil began to explore the underlying pathways for insulin resistance. In his dissertation he discovered that the fat tissue of obese animals and humans were capable of producing inflammatory mediators. His research helped shape the current view of fat tissue as a “discrete, active organ in its own right, continuously exchanging messages with the rest of the body by way of the bloodstream.” By early 2002 Hotamisligil and his laboratory made

In order to identify a condition as a disease, it should fit certain criteria. One of the reasons that obesity is classified as a disease is because of its large comorbidity. Obesity is a risk factor for chronic diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnoea, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers (Rossner, 2002). According to Rossner (2002), the death rate from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and other diseases increases among moderate and severe overweight men and women in all age groups. Therefore, obesity is

Within the last half century, the obesity rate in America has increased by twenty one percent from thirteen percent to thirty four percent of adults; while the percent of the population considered overweight has remained stagnate at thirty-four percent. Unfortunately, the increase in the obese population poses a large threat to the health and well-being of United States citizens. Obesity is not only an accumulation of fat mass, but has been linked to many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The strain that each of these respective diseases contributes onto the United States healthcare system is great, but how exactly does obesity contribute to the occurrence of these three diseases? What health factors are affected by obesity and lead to the development of chronic illness?

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).

“ 1. Adipokines are hormones produced by adipose tissue. /…/ Adipokines have effects not only on tissues but [also] on the hypothalamic and pancreatic function. /…/ 2. Elevated serum free fatty acids and high intracellular deposits of triglycerides and cholesterol. These lead to metabolic overload with interfere of insulin signaling and a decrease in tissue response to insulin. 3. Obesity causes release of inflammatory cytokines. /…/ These play an important role in the genesis of a fatty liver [which impairs the function]. 4.

Although many individuals are uncertain about the increasing statistics associated with obesity, more than seventy percent of men and virtually sixty-two percent of women within the United States adult population are overweight or obese (Wilmore, Costill, & Kenney). Obesity refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of body fat. If an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too excessive, he/she is at a much greater risk of developing life-altering diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, etc. (Wilmore, et al., 2008).

Epidemic has become the term of choice when discussing obesity in North America, and the struggle against the disease continues since effective long-term treatment has yet to appear. Obese individuals also often face prejudice, due to a common misperception that their condition solely results from lifestyle choices. However, studies show that environment accounts only for 50-65% of occurrence (Campfield et al. 1997, Bouchard and Perusse 1993 as cited by Campfield et al. 1996), leaving much to genetic influence. Recently much attention has been directed at the OB protein, or leptin, pathway due to its apparent influence on obesity-related components. Under the current context, leptin’s most important biological role is as an indicator of appetite satiety (Campfield et al. 1996). Generally, leptin levels have been found to increase with food intake and decrease with hunger (Coll et al. 2007). In normal function, leptin circulates in the bloodstream, and appropriately, OB-R receptors have been found in the brain and peripheral tissues (Campfield et al. 1996).

Metabolic Syndrome, also known as Syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome, is becoming increasingly prevalent in our country. To be diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome, an individual must have three of the five conditions that constitute this syndrome. The conditions are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, high fasting blood glucose levels, as well as a large waistline, or obesity. These five conditions are interrelated and play significant roles in the formation of Metabolic Syndrome, which increases risk of developing cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. Metabolic Syndrome also leads to other health problems and is primarily considered a non-transmissible condition. The innate immune system responds to Metabolic Syndrome by producing

chronic hypertension and ischemic heart disease which are correlated with aging physiology and environmental factors. Patient’s inactive life style and obesity is also responsible for these diseases.

Obesity is a condition where the body amasses an excessive amount of adipose tissue (DeAngelo, Kalumuck, & Adlin, 2014). The World Health Organization defines overweight and obesity as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health”. It is an avoidable disease that has increased almost twofold since 1980 (Obesity and Overweight, 2014). Obesity affects myriad body systems or parts of anatomy, including the abdomen, blood vessels, circulatory system, endocrine system, gastrointestinal system, heart, intestines, joints, psychic-emotional system, respiratory system, and stomach (DeAngelo, Kalumuck, & Adlin). Many diseases arise due to obesity complications, such as

The patient diabetic condition also plays a part in compromising the cardiovascular function. Having high blood sugar level, over time accumulates fatty deposits in the blood vessels.

Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. One way to measure of obesity is the body mass index, a person’s weight divided by the square of his or her height. For most adults a BMI 18.5-24.9 is consider normal, 25-29.9 is consider overweight and 30-39.9 is obese. Some of the factors that contributes to the development of obesity include genetic, hereditary, environment, metabolism, and behavior. Those that are morbidly obese are at greater risk for an illness which includes; High blood pressure Diabetes, Heart disease, sleep apnea, High cholesterol, joint disease, esophageal reflux, loss of bladder control, infertility and reduced life expectancy. According to World’s Health Organization latest projections, shows that worldwide obesity has more than doubled since 1980 and in 2015 approximately more than 1.9 billion adults, were overweight and the of these 600 million were obese.1 Also, more about 350 million people worldwide are pre-diabetic or diabetic and the number is likely to grow more than double in the next 20 years and is projected to the top 10 leading cause of death in 2030.4 Several studies indicate that obesity and weight gin are associated with an increased risk of diabetes. According to the obesity society almost 90% of people living with type 2 diabetes are

Illustrated model of adipokine-endothelial cell interaction. Adipocytes generates many hormones and cytokines such as TNF-α, PAI-1, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. These factors have a main role in adipose tissue, and act locally. They also are important in cell signaling, and have significant effects as circulating bioactive factors. Resistin directly stimulates the activation of endothelial and modulates endothelial function, so this represents resistin is an important link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular

Belly fat, or abdominal obesity, is one of the causes of the disorder known as metabolic syndrome. Belly fat lies deep inside the abdomen, surrounding essential organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, pancreas, and other organs. This may lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, colorectal cancer, sleep apnea, gout, back problems, blood clots in the legs, osteoarthritis, skin conditions, psychological problems, and premature death. In women, belly fat is more common after menopause. Menopausal women are more prone to breast cancer and gallbladder problems.