Cardiopulmonary System

As woman age, they will find that pregnancy can be extra hard on the body, causing health issues such as high blood pressure, with some woman developing preeclampsia. Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-induced hypertension disorder which affects both mother and fetus poses the real possibility of impacting renal function along with the development of HELLP syndrome. When a woman develops this HELLP syndrome they are a risk of hemolysis; the breakdown of red blood cells, elevated liver enzymes, and low plate count putting her a greater risk of complications that cause death (Preeclampsia Foundation, pg1). The only known way to cure this disorder is to deliver the baby and placenta, even if the baby is premature because not only can this kill the mother, but it has repercussions for the fetus as well. When it comes to the fetus, preeclampsia causes an inadequate nutrition supply because of the insufficiency of the placenta to regulate how the fetus gets its nutrients, which can lead to growth retardation and further heath compilations later in life (Lapidus MD,

Giving birth to a stillborn baby is every pregnant woman's worst nightmare. When it does happen, it's natural to want to understand why. Unfortunately, answers are rarely to be found -- more than 70% of stillbirths are never explained. Doctors theorize that the majority of stillbirths probably have something to do with the placenta not functioning correctly, and they have some other specific theories on what causes this devastating type of pregnancy loss.

Severe preeclampsia may require you to be hospitalized. During the hospital stay, your doctor will perform regular nonstress tests or biophysical profiles to keep close monitor your baby's well-being, including measuring the volume of amniotic fluid, because a lack of amniotic fluid is a sign of poor blood supply to the baby (Mayo Clinic, 2014). In severe cases of preeclampsia, it may not be consolable to consider your baby's gestational age or the readiness of your cervix. In these cases it is not possible to wait, and your doctor may induce labor or schedule a C-section

do not cause a miscarriage they can still trigger preeclampsia: early delivery that may have fatal

Preeclampsia – is a result of generalized vasospasm. In normal pregnancy, vascular volume and cardiac output increase significantly but blood pressure will remain normal because pregnant women develop resistance to effects of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. In preeclampsia, peripheral vascular resistance increases because women are sensitive to angiotensin II and they may also have a decrease in vasodilators. Vasospasms decreases the diameter of blood vessels, which result in endothelial cell damage and decrease EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor). Vasoconstriction impeded blood flow and elevate blood pressure, and decreased circulation to kidneys, liver, brain and placenta. Decreased blood flow to kidneys reduces

“Eclampsia is a condition that causes a pregnant woman, usually previously diagnosed with preeclampsia (high blood pressure and protein in the urine), to develop seizures or coma.” (Eclampsia Early Signs & Symptoms, Postpartum, and Treatments). When Eclampsia begins to occur this leads to preterm labor. After 37 weeks, it’s okay for a mother to have her newborn baby. However, preterm labor drags on the labor process. This begins to make the whole process difficult and more dangerous. The infant could potentially be developing lung and breathing problems. “Preterm birth is the most common cause of infant death and is the leading cause of long-term disability related to the nervous system in children.” (Preterm Labor and Birth: Overview). The nervous system controls your brain. This system is able to tell you when to move, when to blink, when to touch and a lot more different things. The fetal nervous system is one of the first system that is developed, that’s why it is so important that these health problems are aware of as soon as possible. Infant mortality is also very common in Eclampsia. “Infant mortality refers to deaths of young children, typically those less than one year of age. It is measured by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1000 live births.” (Infant

Unfortunately, five to eight percent of all pregnancies are affected by preeclampsia and it is also one of the main causes of premature births and maternal deaths. As it is a multisystem disorder, therefore it also badly affects the other pre-existing maternal disorders like chronic hypertension and in such cases it is called as "superimposed preeclampsia". Moreover it can affect different organs and systems of the body, like the kidneys, circulatory system and the cardiovascular system.

Kate has a low blood pressure of 90/50. Decreased blood pressure is a normal finding during the early pregnancy. It is related to vasodilation caused by hormonal changes (Macdonald-Wallis, 2015). At the same time, the patient’s low blood pressure could indicate the volume loss related to vaginal bleeding; therefore, further investigation is required. Kate’s heart rate is increased up to 105 bpm. Increased heart rate could be a compensation for decreased cardiac output related to decreased stroke volume caused by bleeding. At the same time, according to the admission note, Kate “is frantic”; therefore, increased heart rate could be related to the patient’s agitation caused by uncertainty, pain, and fear to loose the baby. The patient’s increased respiratory rate of 22 may indicate the body’s attempt to compensate for poor tissue perfusion related to low hemoglobin level, and decreased volume caused by blood loss. Increased respiratory rate could also be related to the patient’s anxiety. Sharp lower abdominal pain along with vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy may indicate spontaneous abortion or ectopic pregnancy (Dogra et al., 2005). According to CTAS Implementation Guidelines, patients with moderate vaginal bleeding and low blood pressure in early pregnancy fall under Level II Emergent category and should be reassessed within 15

Another complication could be that the mother loses too much blood during the process. Losing blood during a C-Section is risky since the

In previous studies, uteroplacental ischaemia model was employed to explain the aetiology of this hypertensive disorder. It turns out to be multifactorial. Initially, dogs were used to demonstrate aortic constriction followed by an increase in blood pressure during pregnancy. It was shown that uteroplacental blood flow was reduced by approximately 50%-70% followed by an increase followed by an increase in uteroplacental vascular resistance.

Why does postpartum hemorrhage matter? Too much blood that is lost can make a mother’s blood pressure drop severely that can put her into shock and or even cause death if not treated right away. Some causes that

Placental abruption is a serious and potentially life threatening condition for both the mother and fetus that requires urgent diagnosis and care from a multidisciplinary team. Although relatively rare, occurring in approximately 0.4 to 1% of all pregnancies, placental abruption accounts for between 10 and 20% of all perinatal mortality and approximately 10% of all preterm births (Tikkanen M 2011) and is the leading cause of vaginal bleeding after the first trimester (Oyelese Y & Ananth CV 2006). The cause of placental abruption is not well understood however it is thought to often be multifactorial and a woman’s known risk factors and co-morbidities may increase the risk status of this condition presenting although it is more often than

The different diagnosis’ were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). Every medical diagnosis that the researchers needed to study were classified by their consequential number. This study used exclusively public data, according to the Tri-Council Policy statement of 2010, the institutional review board approval was not required, which is not uncommon for retrospective designs. The statistical analysis of maternal outcomes were identified using the ICD-9 codes and categorized by antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum. The diagnosis’ in each of those three categories were gestational hypertension, mild and severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, eclampsia superimposed on pre-existing hypertension, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, preterm rupture of membranes, vaginal or cesarean delivery, instrumental delivery, preterm delivery, hemorrhage, wound complications,

This analysis research paper about Pre-eclampsia gives a background on the underlying and ongoing issues that this disease has presented in women’s health. Pre-eclampsia is a serious life-threatening condition during pregnancy that causes hypertension, swelling, and death in the pregnant woman and fetus. Numerous studies have been conducted in the last thirty years that have proven that the reduced use of sodium has in fact, increased a pregnant woman’s chances of developing this disease even though, it has been thought that reducing sodium would actually help the mother. This has caused Dr. Brewer to develop “ The Dr. Brewer Pregnancy Diet” which actually goes against what most western medical professionals believe that will help prevent preeclampsia in pregnant women. This paper will include a case study done on various women and the astonishing results that can change women’s health forever.

The sign and symptoms of PPH include; the apparent excessive bleeding, hematocrit-reduction of the number of red blood cells, reduced blood pressure, development of symptoms of shock and anaemia, and severe pain and swelling of tissues and muscles of the vagina, vulva, pelvic and perineum (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Besides, Ricci & Kyle (2009) avow that there are different factors that place a mother at risk for PPH, and they comprise; prolonged first, second or third stage of labour, previous history of PPH, foetal macrosomia, uterine infection, arrest of descent and multiple gestation. Other risk factors may include; mediolateral episiotomy, coagulation abnormalities, maternal hypertension, maternal exhaustion, malnutrition or anaemia, preeclampsia, precipitous birth, polyhydramnios and previous placenta previa (Ricci & Kyle, 2009).