Cardiovascular And Respiratory Systems : Controlling O2 And Co2 And Acidity Of The Blood

In conclusion, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are directly related in a complex manner, relying on one another to perform their physiological functions. Only together can both systems work to maintain the body’s internal balance, this is evident when physical demand is higher than normal. In order to meet this demand, the heart must pump more nutrient-rich blood around the body; however it needs oxygen to do this, in response the

In addition a small rise in breathing rate and this is called anticipatory rise, this happens when exercising. The average reading for breaths per minute during exercise is 23-30. This shows that with more blood pumping through the body more oxygen is needed to keep the body at a sustainable rate to help our body create more energy. Our breathing rate will keep increasing until

During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output, which corresponds to an increase in maximal oxygen consumption. With the increase in oxygen consumption, a greater increase in blood flow occurs. This means there is more oxygen circulating in the blood for the tissues to take up. Due to the increase in blood flow, vasoconstriction of arterioles occurs to maintain mean arterial pressure (Bassett & Edward, 1997). This limits oxygen consumption because some of the blood flow is directed to the brain and skin. It is further pointed out that the heart is another limiting factor because it determines how much blood and oxygen are supplied to the muscles especially when blood flow exceeds maximal cardiac output (Bassett & Edward,

It is hypothesized that if subject #3 is reclining for 3 minutes, their arterial rate and heart rate will decrease because their body is relaxing and their heart is not doing any work. This drop is caused by the PNS system sending a signal to the cardioinhibitory center to lower heart rate. When the body is at rest, HR does not need to be increased. While the subject was sitting quietly, the baseline BP and HR was taken. BP was 105 mmHg and HR was 66 bpm. After 3 minutes of reclining, the subjects BP increased to 121/71 mmHg and HR decreased to 62 bpm. The cause of this could have been student error or the subject may have been uncomfortable during the experiment. After reclining for 3 minutes, the subject immediately stood up It is hypothesized that their arterial pressure and heart rate will stay the same because the subject is not moving therefore blood is being pooled in the lower extremities and not getting back to the heart. This will cause a decrease in HR and BP. But the body will sense this and activate the SNS response to release norepinephrine to increase BP and HR or to get it back to what BP and HR was initially. After standing for 3 minutes, the subjects BP went from 129/70 mmHg to 121/75 mmHg and HR went from 86 bpm to 80 bpm. As stated previously, blood was starting to pool into the legs. The results do not necessarily support the hypothesis because there was a decrease in BP and HR. This could be because the SNS had not been activated just yet because the body did not sense a change in BP and/or HR. The body will sense a decrease in returned blood and will act upon it by increasing BP and HR to get more blood coming to the heart. After 3 minutes, BP decreased from 129/70 mmHg to 121/75 mmHg and HR decreased from 86 bpm to 80 bpm. The results showed a decrease in BP as well as HR. As stated in the hypothesis it was expected to

Year 8 Biology Systems Investigation Relationships between respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems during exercise Group members: Madison, Eva, Grace INTRODUCTION: This report will explore the impact that exercise (musculoskeletal system) has on a person’s heart rate (cardiovascular system) and breathing rate (respiratory system). It will then seek to explain the interconnections between these systems. As we already know the respiratory and cardiovascular system are linked through many ways, one of which is the way the respiratory system provides oxygen to the blood cells, and expels carbon dioxide from the passing cells.

These results are due to metabolic rates and the need for homeostasis which is driven by the production of CO2 (Mason, 2015). The results suggest that the values obtained in the normal ventilation condition for PO2, PCO2 and %O2 are consistent with the proposed values 100 mmHg, 40 mmHg and around 98% (Silverthorn, Johnson & Ober, 2013, p. 590). This is due to arterial gas composition being approximately equal to alveolar gas composition (Silverthorn, Johnson & Ober, 2013, p. 590). The breath-hold after hypoventilation condition resulted in an increased CO2 intake into the lungs due to breathing deeply. There was a decrease in PO2 and %O2 and increase in PCO2 as arterial PCO2 rose because metabolic processes continued without a new intake of air into the lungs. This disturbance of respiratory homeostasis hinders the ability to hold one’s breath (Mason, 2015). CO2 decreases pH of extracellular brain fluid, which stimulates central chemoreceptors, causing a break-point in breath-hold (Moreira, Takakura, Colombari & Guyenet, 2006). CO2 is detected very quickly in the blood (respiratory acidosis) by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid and aortic bodies) (Miller, Cunningham, Lloyd & Young, 1974). The respiratory centre is controlled by chemoreceptor response, which then re-establishes respiratory homeostasis, by inducing a change in ventilation (Haldane & Priestley, 1905). However, the hyperventilation pattern, which involved shallow breathing, caused an increase in PO2 due to greater accumulation rate of O2 and larger O2 store in the lungs. A reduction in arterial PCO2 and increased expiration of CO2, increased %O2, which explains why there was a reduction in PCO2 (Lindholm &

Despite the lack of innovative technology, Krogh et al. determined that ventilation was constant after an initial increase onset of the heavy work. There was a higher rate of O2 consumption, which results in higher pulse rate, increased circulation thus an increase in O2 absorption. In one of their experiments to clarify the initial increase in O2 absorption, they added 3% CO2 to their subjects and showed there was a “considerable increase in the initial ventilation with the same amount of work performed”. Krogh et al. showed the regulatory mechanism of chemoreceptors’ responsibility in detecting the changes of CO2 levels and how the body responds to it. Krogh et al. also cites Hasselbalch et al. 1912 to show similar results in an initial increase of ventilation after onset of heavy work and increased levels of CO2. They further showed the effects of O2 to “diminish the excitability of the centre”, referring to a respiratory center, a concept that Krogh et al. were trying to suggest the connections of the regulation of ventilation and circulation in the initial stages of exercise. Krogh et al.’s study proved to be a breakthrough and a stepping-stone in further studies and research in regulation of ventilation during

In this lab, we observed the heart and breathing rate at rest, after meditation and after exercise. The average resting heart rate for everyone in our group was around 70 beats per minute, and the average resting breathing rate was around 16 breaths per minute. Strangely, after meditation, the heart rate was much higher than the resting heart rate. This could have been because we took these tests at different times in the day and in different weeks. Digesting food might have changed the heart rate. The breathing rate after meditating for Anya was 15, for Gabriella it was 23, and my breathing rate was 10. After exercise, the heart and breathing rate both went up for everyone. Gabriella’s heart and breathing rates were around 95 and 31 respectively. My heart rate was 103, and my breathing rate was 25. For Anya, her breathing rate was 31 breaths per minute, and her heart rate was around 100 beats per minute. Mainly, after exercise the heart and breathing rate was much higher than it was at rest and after meditation. This could be because our hearts and lungs would be working much harder to pump oxygen into our blood so that the pH of

The baseline value of this experiment was the PO2, PCO2 and Hb-O2 saturation during normal breathing. These baseline value (table 1) allow the comparison between different breathing patterns to normal breathing. The results (Figure 1, 2, 3 & table 1) of this experiment shows that breath-hold compare to normally breathing, mean PO2 decrease, mean PCO2 increase (figure 1) and mean Hb-O2 saturation slightly decrease (Figure 2). Moreover, comparing p values of breath-hold to breath-hold after hyperventilation, which is less than 0.05, meaning there is significant changes in mean PO2 and PCO2 (table 2), mean PO2 decrease, mean PCO2 increase (figure 1), and mean oxygen haemoglobin saturation increase (figure 2), the mean duration of breath hold decrease

After I measured heart beats in different positions such as immediately upon standing, after jumping twenty times, standing, deep breathing, and strong stimulus. I acknowledged that most of my hypothesis were right. By standing immediately from lying down position, I saw that my my heart rate was decreased because when we lying down, our hearts were in a resting period where they don’t need blood to pump to them as much as when we are walking, jumping, or doing other things. Similar to this position, by deep breathing would also cause our heart rate to decrease because as I looked up online, it said that our heart decreased when we took a deep breath because it referred to as the "valsalva maneuver", were taking a big breath in and then

It was found that there were differences, such as the more vertical the body gets, the higher the blood pressure and heart rate become. Because of different posture practice, one of the factor can be gravity. Gravity is a constant force that influences nearly every aspect of biological activity, to some extent. The gravitational forces acting on physiological systems such as the cardiovascular and circulatory systems. When the body is in recline position, all the bodies organs are level with the heart. This means that gravity has no influence, meaning that the heart doesn't have to work as hard, thus meaning a lower heart rate and blood pressure than when standing. When standing diastolic blood pressure had a significant increase. This is because again the blood has to work much harder to get back to the heart, as it is fighting against gravity. Same goes to blood pressure after exercise, it will be rise as stroke volume and cardiac output

Aims - This study is to ascertain, if there is an effect on heart rate after exercise. This is being done to see, if there is a difference between resting heart rate and heart rate after performing exercise.

Every living organism is composed of cells. Cells consume Oxygen (O2) and produce Carbone dioxide (CO2). The respiratory system has for main function to provide the Oxygen (O2) and dispose of the Carbon dioxide (CO2) produce by the cells through the process of respiration. During exercise the demand of Oxygen (O2) and the production of Carbon dioxide (CO2) raises which affect the respiratory system. This essay will discuss the respiratory system and how it is affected by exercise (Tortora, G., Grabowski, S.,1996).

When lying horizontal, blood pressure is at its lowest for there is the least amount of gravity affecting the body. When an individual stands up into a vertical position, the effect of gravity on the body increases. Gravity puts a pressure on the vascular volume forcing the blood to fall into the lower extremities. With the falling of the blood, the heart thus pumps harder to push blood around the body against the force of gravity; this is why the blood pressure rises slightly from the horizontal position. With the majority of blood falling to the lower extremities, venous compliance is high and the veins readily expand with blood. Because of this, there is a shift in blood volume throughout the body which decreases the blood volume in the thoracic veins. Because of this, the central venous pressure decreases and causes stroke volume to fall; stroke volume is defined as the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during each contraction measured in

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.