Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Many studies were conducted on coronary artery disease (CAD) because it is the leading cause of mortality and premature disability so studies investigated those at risk of coronary atherosclerosis aiming to provide early treatment (Kolovou et al., 2005), (Akhabue et al., 2014).

A higher level of fats in the body puts the patient at higher risk for Cardiovascular diseases(CAD). The patient's' family has a history of CAD. Her mom and one of her sister have CAD (Lewis et al., 2014, pp. 733-734). The patient states that she has been taking her meds for cholesterol atorvastatin regularly. Her lipase level was 8272 on 11/11/16 and 2829 on 11/12/16 U/L 1069 on 11/13/16 (Ref range 73-393 U/L). Her HDL cholesterol level was 21 ( ref range>49 mg/dl), LDL Cholesterol level 148 ( ref range: <130 mg/dL). Patient statin drug was on hold because it is contradicted on the patient with an elevated level of ALT 80, 61(Ref range 0-50 U/L) and AST 61 on 11/12/16 and 64 on 11/13/16 (ref range 0-45 U/L). The uncontrolled level of could be the cause of concern for stroke or acute myocardial

Heart diseases account for more than one million deaths every year, contributing to more than 40% of the annual deaths. Cardiovascular disease is listed as the second leading cause of mortality among those aged between 40 and 65 years. It is the third leading cause of mortality for people aged between 25 and 44 years. Economically, cardiovascular diseases accounts for approximately 259 billion dollars loss annually in direct and indirect costs in the United States (Kochanek, 2011). This is expected to rise sharply by the year 2020. As a result, from health and economic approaches, cardiovascular disease is a high risk factor that has become a massive burden that requires to be addressed promptly. Notably, these conditions are preventable.

Cardiovascular disease has reportedly been the number one disease killer for men and women in the United States of America. Every one out of four deaths is caused by heart disease in the United States alone (Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention). Heart disease refers to the different types of conditions and symptoms that can affect the one’s heart and its functions to the body (Mayo Clinic). Cardiovascular/Heart disease has many causes and conditions, prevention methods and symptoms, and treatment options.

Because heart disease and stroke is having such a profound effect on the United States population, “Increase overall cardiovascular health in the U.S. population” is one of HealthyPeople.gov (2014) main goal for

MR. David likewise takes atorvastatin (Lipitor); 10 mg every day, for hypercholesterolemia (hoisted LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, and raised triglycerides). He has endured this medicine and holds fast to the day by day plan. Amid the previous 6 months, he has likewise taken chromium picolinate,

Current guidelines state that ezetimibe,is considered the best alternative for LDL reduction and tolerability in statin-intolerant patients and considered an adjuvant in this trial. The primary end point was percentage change from baseline to week 12 in LDL cholesterol. Other end points included measures of safety and tolerability of different doses of AMG145 and AMG145 plus ezetimibe. Other objectives included assessment of the safety and tolerability of 3 different doses of AMG145 and AMG145 plus ezetimibe compared with placebo plus ezetimibe. One hundred sixty patients were randomized into 5 groups, to take AMG 145 as monotherapy once a month at 280mg, 320mg and 420mg, to take AMG 145 420mg once a month with ezetimibe 10mg daily or placebo once a month with ezetimibe 10mg daily. At week 12 the AMG 145 groups had a percent change of blood levels of LDL from baseline from -40.8 % to -50.7 % dose ascending monotherapy and -63.0% with combination with ezetimibe versus -14.8% with combination of placebo and ezetimibe. Reduction in total cholesterol percentwise was from -29.8 % to -37.7 % dose ascending monotherapy and -43.3% with combination with ezetimibe versus -10.7% with combination of placebo and ezetimibe. The overall incidence of all adverse effects was similar among patients receiving

Use the equation of HDL + LDL + 20% of the Triglyceride level to calculate your total cholesterol level. This number should be less than 180 mg/dL for healthy total cholesterol. Your “bad cholesterol” or low-density-lipoprotein or commonly known as LDL levels should be on the low side. Levels of less than 100 mg/dL are the best levels. 100- 129 mg/mL are close to ideal. Borderline high would be levels of 130-159 mg/mL, high risk levels are 160-189 mg/dL and the worse, highest risk levels would be over 190 mg/dL. (6) The American Heart Association or AHA guidelines snow state that LDL levels are no longer a guideline for preventing heart attacks and no longer need to be taken into account. The level is strictly used to calculate your total cholesterol level. The AHA guidelines also state that people taking statins no longer need to have their LDL levels under a certain level. In “good” Cholesterol or High-density-lipoprotein also known as HDL we look at higher level as being healthier. For Men their healthy levels need to be over 40 mg/dL and

statins reduce the blood cholesterol level and decrease atherosclerosis build up in the coronary arteries.

Soran, H., Dent, R., & Durrington, P. (2017). Evidence-based goals in LDL-C reduction. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 106(4), 237–248. http://doi.org.starkstate.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s00392-016-1069-7

Increased cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is one of the most potent CV risk factors. Epidemiological data show a continuous log-linear relationship between serum cholesterol levels and risk of CHD (Grundy et al. 2004). There are inconsistent reports of increased cholesterol levels in PD patients (Hayward et al. 1989; Tancer et al. 1990; Bajwa et al. 1992; Agargun et al. 1996; Shiori et al. 2000; Peter et al.

The number of U.S. deaths due to cardiovascular disease has drastically increased over the past century.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which include CHD, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease (PVD), is the leading cause of mortality in populations, particularly in the diabetic one. DM and PAD are both CAD equivalents ("coronary equivalents"). PAD is more common among those aged 50 years and older, with approximately 1 in 20 Americans in this age group affected [1].

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In today’s society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and vaccines for various diseases and disorders are being developed constantly, and yet, coronary disease remains the number one killer in the world.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death, outranking cancer in the United States, according to the data from CDC National Center for Health Statistics. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) periodically publishes guidelines on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults. However, the 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline has still not gained multinational acceptance among providers (Stone, 2014). Pharmaceutical treatment versus lifestyle modification has been a controversy among the scientific community (Sinatra, 2014). Provider adherence to the 2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline in order to achieve universal standard of care remains a challenge. The recent guideline represents a major shift from prior cholesterol management, as it`s primary focus is on the role of cholesterol treatment in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk reduction versus a comprehensive approach to lipid management (Finkel, 2015).