Cardiovascular Disease ( Cvd ) Is A Global Pandemic

Heart diseases account for more than one million deaths every year, contributing to more than 40% of the annual deaths. Cardiovascular disease is listed as the second leading cause of mortality among those aged between 40 and 65 years. It is the third leading cause of mortality for people aged between 25 and 44 years. Economically, cardiovascular diseases accounts for approximately 259 billion dollars loss annually in direct and indirect costs in the United States (Kochanek, 2011). This is expected to rise sharply by the year 2020. As a result, from health and economic approaches, cardiovascular disease is a high risk factor that has become a massive burden that requires to be addressed promptly. Notably, these conditions are preventable.

Over the past few years cardiovascular diseases have become the number one global cause of death. These diseases were first discovered 3,500 years ago with the Egyptians, and ever since then the causes have been pretty much the same. Although there are things that can be done to either increase or decrease the chances of getting heart disease. “Heart diseases describe a range of conditions that affect the heart” (Sheen 1). It can range from a myocardial infarction- a heart attack-, to a cerebral vascular disease, which is a disease of the blood vessels. Either way these diseases can impact the life of people in many negative aspects. Cardiovascular diseases have become the number one cause in global death due to the bad habits, diets, stress, and natural and chemical causes that the global population has.

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA, 2013). High blood pressure is also referred to as hypertension. Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that carries with it the risk factor for increased chances of heart disease and stroke (Gillespie & Hurvitz, 2013). Hypertension remains one of the top 10 causes of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (as cited in Drenjančević-Perić et al., 2011). For the estimated 348, 102 deaths in 2009, high blood pressure was listed as the primary or contributing cause of death (AHA, 2013). Despite the health risk associated with hypertension, the diagnoses of high blood pressure continue to rise. By 2030, hypertension is expected to increase by 7.2% from 2013 estimates (AHA, 2013).

High blood pressure increases your risk for heart disease and stroke, two leading causes of death for both Florida and the United States (Centers for disease control, 2017). High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is known as the “silent killer” because it often has no warning signs or symptoms, and many people do not know they have it. Hypertension damages blood vessels in the organs, reducing their ability to work properly (National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases, 2016). About 1 of 3 U.S. adults—or about 75 million people—have high blood pressure. Only 54% of these people have their high blood pressure under control (Centers for disease control, 2017). Hypertension education, which focuses on controlling the disease with medication, diet, and losing weight, is important in preventing or delaying the progression of serious complications. Most people diagnosed with hypertensive disease will need to see a medical professional who will recommend lifestyle changes to help you control and prevent high blood pressure (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2006, p. 1742).

American Heart Association quotes that Hypertension is an important public-health challenge worldwide. Importance should be focused on its detection, treatment control and prevention. The infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis which once were the reasons for leading the causes of deaths have been replaced by non –infectious diseases which are mostly the NCD’s such as diabetes, heart diseases, and other vascular conditions. Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular and kidney disease [78][79]. Heart attacks and strokes are major–but preventable–killers worldwide. More than 80% of cardiovascular disease related deaths take place in low-and

Cardiovascular diseases continue to be a lingering global health challenge (WHO, 2014) as well as in the United States (CDC, 2014). Major efforts are geared towards tackling this health challenge; reducing the disease burden, addressing the underlying factors, as well as the risk factors. Preventing the onset of cardiovascular disease is the best approach and education is the most formidable tool for achieving the best results. For some individuals, however, who already have cardiovascular diseases, treating and managing it, is the next best option and the tool for empowerment and proper management is education as well.

The article titled “Hypertension” written by Neil R Poulter , Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Mark Caulfield. It published on journal “The lancet” volume 386. This article is reliable because it was published in august 22 in 2015, which means there has very useful information. Also, The website is always available and organized well which is makes the article reliable, and using formal English. The authors are credible. The site provided contact information such as e-mail.

Several factors contribute to heart disease, there is no doubt about that. However, there are too many factors that contribute to heart disease. In, other words, medicine has not pinpointed factors that are more likely to contribute to heart disease—we don’t even know exactly what causes heart disease. Even then, there are still several factors that are being overlooked, or aren’t deemed as important.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension came about, the three main treatments were used. These included restricting the level of sodium intake through the rice diet for example, sympathectomy which was the surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system and finally, pyrogen therapy which involved injecting substances that caused a fever which indirectly reduced blood pressure. However, all of these treatments had numerous side-effects. Globally, the overall percentage of raised blood pressure cases in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% in 2008. In terms of the world’s population, the proportion of people with high blood pressure or uncontrolled hypertension fell slightly

The second topic of this essay is high blood pressure/hypertension, in other words high blood pressure is one of the commonest chronic diseases in primary care. It is also a major risk contributor for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease for example stroke and myocardial infarction. It is consider a global health problem that is affecting people of different ethnicity and ages around the world today.

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.

Elevated blood pressure (EBP), based on adult treatment panel III (ATPIII) , is described as a systolic BP (SBP) ≥130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 85mmHg(1, 2). Research has suggested that in last 2 decades, the prevalence of hypertension has continued to soar and estimated to cause 7.5 million deaths and approximately 12.8% of the worldwide mortality rate(3, 4). Approximately 25% adult Iranians had hypertension; additionally 46% had prehypertension.(5, 6)

High blood pressure in the US was researched by Benjamin et al. (2017) in an age-adjusted study of the prevalence rates. The prevalence was estimated to be 34% in adults over 20 years, which was equivalent to 85.7 million deaths. In children and adolescents, aged 8 to 17 years old, it was only about 11%. In contrast, Iso (2011) reported that in Japan, there was a high prevalence of high blood pressure in adults aged 30 or over. It decreased from 142 mmHg to 135 mmHg, from 1961 to 2007 in men, with a prevalence rate of 52%. In women, high blood pressure decreased from 141 mmHg to 126 mmHg, respectively, with a prevalence rate of

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension