Cardiovascular events A total of 705 CVD events (564 IHDs, 141 strokes) occurred, during 49452.8 follow-up person-years (minimum 0.1, maximum 12, median 10.9 years). IHD comprised of 39 (20 women and 19 men) fatal and 113 (36 women and 77 men) non-fatal MI, 331 (171 women and 160 men) UA, and 81 (26 women and 55 men) sudden cardiac deaths. Ischemic stroke composed of 30 (16 women and 14 men) fatal and 111 cases (57 women and 54 men) of non-fatal stroke. The total CVD event rates were 1.6 per 100 person-year for men and 1.3 per 100 person-year for women, without adjusting for age. Follow-up person-years, CVD events, and the levels of risk factors of the baseline examination are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Person-years of follow-up and CVD events according to risk factors in men and women, ICS, 2001-2011. Refitted and recalibration of Framingham function The CVD risk factor regression coefficients and HRs were estimated from sex-specific ICS regression models using the same variables as those in the Framingham function (Table …show more content…
Comparison of relative risk and performance of ICS and Framingham The C statistic value for the recalibrated Framingham function applied to ICS was 0.700 (95% CI, 0.671- 0.729) and 0.748 (95% CI, 0.721- 0.775) for CVD prediction in men and women, respectively. The value of χ2 was 6.23 (p=0.62) and 12.19 (p=0.14) for men and women, respectively. The recalibrated Framingham model overestimated the CVD incidence with the overall bias of 128.23% and 176.07% in men and women, respectively. The 10-fold cross-validation, yielded a mean AUROC of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.67-0.73) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72-0.77) in men and women, respectively. PARS risk function Having considered the variety of predictors and their interactions in a multivariate Cox regression, significant predictors of CVD events were age, sex, high WHR, SBP level, TC level, diabetes mellitus, smoking status and family history of CVD. The optimal PARS model is presented in Table
Age is one of the non-modifiable risk factors. As we are getting older, the risk of stroke incidence will increase as it will doubled every following 10 years after the age of 55 years old (Norsa’adah, 2005). It has been reported in Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2013 from the American Heart Association (Go et al., 2013), uneven distribution of stroke burden was experienced by women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds; the incident of stroke risk among black women was doubled the white women. Hispanic women experienced higher stroke risk factor
Another host characteristic on the development of CVD is marital status. Studies have shown that people who are married have lower rates of several CVD diseases when compared with individuals who are single, divorced, or widowed (Casteel, 2014). Married people are five percent less likely to develop
The World Heart Federation (2016) identifies older age as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease with the risk of stroke doubling every decade after hitting age 55. As far as gender, men have a greater risk of heart disease than pre-menopausal women, however, once women past menopause,
The APRNs could use the information from this review in educating their patients. These healthcare professionals could brightly influence their patients’ beliefs and perceptions about their CVD risk factors. Their impact could lead to the formulation of an effective plan of care and implementation of nursing interventions to diminish CVD risks. The emphasis of this paper is on CVD risk prevention. In this regard, this review could positively influence the nursing practice by potentially reducing the cost secondary to the CVD-related hospitalization. This could possibly create a cost-effective healthcare that could be more accessible to everyone. In this case, the health care disparity gap particularly involving the vulnerable populations could
To calculate the number of CVC days, the number of patients with CVC will be counted every day consistently between 12.00 am and 01.00 am. The number of days will be summed at the end of every quarter. Only one line day will be calculated per patient day even if the patient had multiple CVC placed on the same day. The number of CLABSIs both in the control and the intervention group will be document daily in a tally sheet and summed every quarter. The CLABSI rate per 1000 central line days will then be calculated by dividing the number of CLABSIs by the number of central line days and multiplying the result by 1000. (CLABSI 푅푎푡푒푠 = {# CLABSI 퐼푑푒푛푡푖푓푖푒푑 ÷ # 표푓 CVC 퐷푎푦푠} 푥 1000) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention {CDC}, 2017). The data will be collected at the ratio level of measurement. The parametric statistical analysis using the independent samples t-test will then compare the rate of CLABSIs in the intervention group and the control group to determine if there was a significant difference after implementing the CHG dressing’s
When examining age in relation to risk for cardiovascular disease, middle-age is for all the highest risk. Males over approximate the age of 41 and females over 47 are at the highest risk for CVD. Genetically those individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease will also be at a higher probability for CVD then those devoid of a family history of the disease. The
Risk assessment of ICD-O with respect to Occupation and Educational Status: According to figure 4h women who are housewife, laborers’ or aged and with low education status are at high risk of have been diagnosed. The risk gradually decreases for women of these professions if they belong to a higher level of educational status.
The number of U.S. deaths due to cardiovascular disease has drastically increased over the past century.
estimate blood loss, identify the incidence on new vascular event (MI, CVA, PE, DVT) and
Abstract: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of Ischemic Heart disease. The study aims to find out the risk of getting Ischemic heart disease due to stage 2 hypertension. Other factors which contribute to the risk of Ischemic Heart disease are high cholesterol levels, age of the person, smoking status of the person, tumor of adrenal gland, sleep apnea, diabetes and high stress levels.For this study, the outcome variable is binary(Ischemic heart disease) and the variable of interest is hypertension. The variables which are controlled include cholesterol level of the person, smoking status, age and tumor of adrenal gland.The dataset which is from Evans County in Georgia is a 9 year follow-up study of 609 males at risk of getting a Ischemic Heart disease.71 males in the dataset had ischemic heart disease and 255 males had stage 2 hypertension. The race of the observations in the dataset was white and gender being male leaves the scope for further study to include different races and females which may lead to different outcomes and interpretations.
Stoke along with Ischemic Heart Disease are considered the leading causes of death in the world in 2015, and has been the leading cause of death for the last 15 years. Accounting for over 15 million of the 54.6 million deaths worldwide (WHO 2017). For the United States, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death, and a stroke occurs every four minutes (National Stroke Association 2017). Stroke is a cerebral vascular accident, where blood and oxygen are blocked from areas of the brain either due to ischemia or hemorrhage (NIH 2017). Ischemic strokes are most prevalent, occurring in over 80% of all strokes (UAB 2017). The blocked areas, where cells are not receiving blood and oxygen can either be damaged or die (NIH 2017). This interruption of
Methodology: In this correlational study the Sample consisted of 100 normal persons (M=50, F=50) and 100 persons suffering from CHD (M=50, F=50) between the age range of 45 to 65 years from various socio-economic
After multivariate analyses, none of the pre-specified outcome measures in this study were found to be significant, although there was a non-significant tendency towards increased risk in the clarithromycin group. The tertiary outcome (composite of CV mortality, MI, unstable angina, cerebrovascular attack, or peripheral vascular disease) barely reached statistical
The modifiable risk factors of CVD are elevated cholesterol, obesity/overweight , hypertension and poor mental health. The behavorial factors that contribute to CVD are tobacco use and physical inactivity (a contributor to obesity). In Pierce County the environmental conditions that influence the development of CVD are lack of health insurance and/or a health care provider, lack of access to care. By addressing these issues and providing impact
Frequency graphs were used to compare the incidence of death with the SES and clinical status. The clinical status was measured during the study and SES obtained in the beginning of the study with the assumption that it had not changed throughout the study. From Table 3, we can see that we had no individuals in our sample that had any other hd, besides the ones listed, or any coronary hd with hypertension. To compare within each category the percentage of people that died or lived, we can look at the second number in the box. Double the people ended up dying then living in categories 4 and 5, which represent individuals with hypertension with rheumatic hd and rheumatic hd, respectively. This indicates a possible connection between rheumatic hd which should be followed up on in future studies, but we should keep