Cardiovascular Health Model

Many studies were conducted on coronary artery disease (CAD) because it is the leading cause of mortality and premature disability so studies investigated those at risk of coronary atherosclerosis aiming to provide early treatment (Kolovou et al., 2005), (Akhabue et al., 2014).

Strokes are commonly associated with old age, symptoms and awareness are often unnoticed in young adults due to ambiguity about strokes.

Heart diseases account for more than one million deaths every year, contributing to more than 40% of the annual deaths. Cardiovascular disease is listed as the second leading cause of mortality among those aged between 40 and 65 years. It is the third leading cause of mortality for people aged between 25 and 44 years. Economically, cardiovascular diseases accounts for approximately 259 billion dollars loss annually in direct and indirect costs in the United States (Kochanek, 2011). This is expected to rise sharply by the year 2020. As a result, from health and economic approaches, cardiovascular disease is a high risk factor that has become a massive burden that requires to be addressed promptly. Notably, these conditions are preventable.

32.8 participants with an event per 1000 patient-years; hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.28)

To illustrate this idea, an interesting fact is how there are more than one type of stroke. 85% of the time, a stroke would be caused by a blockage in the blood flow. The other 15% of the time will be from a haemorrhage, which is a blood clot. However, those aren't the only type. The ‘silent stroke’ is extremely difficult to predict as a silent stroke is a type of stroke that doesn't have many noticeable effects, but it causes the same amount of damage. They are quite common. With anyone who has experienced one, there is a high chance they’ll

of these deaths seems to be caused by external pressure. The elderly who wouldn't want to be a

The causes of CVD can be seen through the sociocultural determinants (family, peers and media). These determinants of health priorities in Australia would have a great impact on people who would have a history of CVD. Also, people with cultural backgrounds, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, have a higher risk of CVD due to the fact of having a lower education status and a lower Socioeconomic Status (SES) . Individuals living in Middle Eastern countries would also have high rates in CVD due to their unhealthy diets such as eating foods with high amounts of saturated fats for e.g. oils. This means that the living conditions of an individual can determine the impact of one being affected with the

The reason why we choose stroke is because stroke can happen anytime in our lifetime. There are two sorts of stroke. Ischemic stroke is like a heart assault, with the exception of it happens in the veins of the cerebrum. Clusters can shape in the mind's veins, in veins prompting the cerebrum, or even in veins somewhere else in the body and after that go to the cerebrum. These coagulations piece bloodstream to the mind's cells. Ischemic stroke can likewise happen when an excessive amount of plaque (greasy stores and cholesterol) obstructs the mind's veins. Around 80% of all strokes are ischemic.Hemorrhagic strokes happen when a vein in the mind breaks or bursts. The outcome is blood saturating the mind tissue, making harm cerebrum cells. The

A primary component of public health education about strokes is information about modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include being elderly and being male, having an immediate relative who is a stroke survivor or being a stroke survivor yourself, and being of African American heritage. In addition, dyslipidemica (high cholesterol,

Atherosclerosis is commonly referred to as the principal cause of death in the developed world. Although deaths attributed to CVD have reduced significantly over the last 10 years, atherosclerosis is still one of the leading causes of mortality, both globally and in the UK. The World Health Organisation (2014) reports that CVD accounted for 17.5 million deaths in 2012. According to the Office for National Statistics (2013) circulatory diseases, including heart disease and strokes, were the cause of 28% of all deaths in England & Wales during the year 2013. Deaths due to atherosclerosis are expected to rise in the UK due to the rising elderly population and obesity epidemic, thus treatments that can reverse the atherosclerotic process will be of benefit to many millions of patients.

“Stroke is leading cause of death and the major cause of adult neurological disability. In the USA, 795 000 stroke occur every year.” (name ) The proportion rises most strongly with age, therefore with the

“Inadequate measures for preventing, detecting, and controlling risk factors lead to first CVD events (e.g., heart attack, heart failure, stroke) from which many victims die suddenly, while others survive with a high risk for recurrence and often with disability.” –CVD Action Plan

included in the analysis. Time to event data will be based on death event and recurrence of tumor.

My results overall connclude that when it comes to CVD people should do their part to stay healthy. People have to take charge and be in control of their own actions. Some CVD is preventable but first people have to be willing to partake in preventative measures such as cut out the use of tobacco, or drink in moderation, and elect to eat more healthly. Subtle and consistent changes is what makes the difference and helps ad to the continuity of life.

Attitudes are determined by the individual’s belief that the desired outcome with benefit their health. Social norms relate to how the individual responds to the people surrounding and their beliefs on the behaviour. For example, if an individual’s family or friends want them to quit smoking, it would persuade the individual to modify their behaviour (Nutbeam, Harris, & Wise 2014). The theory describes how self-efficacy has a significant role in the behaviour. If an individual feels they have control over the behaviour, and believes they have the resources and power to quit smoking, they are more likely to. The Theory of Planned Behaviour can be useful in identifying what certain information is needed from the target group before the development of a program. (Nutbeam, Harris, & Wise 2014). Understanding the beliefs of the target group of the issue, and what they identify as barriers, can promote their health. To develop a program specific to the target group of a low socioeconomic area, the group’s beliefs about the causes of cardiovascular disease and how they can reduce their risk needs to be considered. Informing the target group’s significant others, and how they can shape their decisions can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (Nutbeam, Harris, & Wise