Carnosine Research Paper

Carnitine is a chemical found in red meat and whole milk. It is also an over-the-counter supplement. It can be found on animals, bacteria, and some plants. It is a nutrient found mostly in the liver and kidneys that transports fat to the mitochondria so that the fat can be turned into energy. This energy is then stored in the skeletal muscles, heart, and brain. Carnitine is an amino acid that can be found as a white crystalline powder. Carnitine can be found in three forms L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine.

A solution of coke is considered to be homogenous since it contains a uniform composition and furthermore, Coke is a mixture since its main ingredients can be broken down into various components such as sugars and carbonic acid.

segawa's dystonia, which is a hereditary movement disorder. In addition, L-DOPA can also be used for treatment of restless leg syndrome. Formation of aspartame by transformation using thermolysin is another such example where thermolysin can be synthesized by Bacillus stearothermophilus and Thermoactinomycetes thalpophilus. Aspartame is used as an artificial sweetner. In addition to being an antioxidant, carnosine has recently been discovered to be a natural anti-glycating agent as well i.e. it can react with carbonyl groups on proteins thereby delaying cell ageing or senescence. Carnosine also fights against cellular damage by helping the body to get rid of toxic metals, a process known as chelation. Excessive levels of these pro-oxidative metals (such as copper, zinc) and toxic heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and nickel) have been linked to many illnesses such as Alzheimer’s, autism, Parkinson’s, dementia and schizophrenia, where carnosine can be used as an supplement.Organisms like Ochrobactrum anthropi, Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica are found to produce

Additional roles of carnosine beyond Ca2+ regulation and pH buffer include its ability to act as a scavenger of free radicals and singlet oxygen, both of which are not only damaging, but also

Clorgyline (hydrochloride) is an irreversible, potent and selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) A inhibitor with Ki values of 0.054 and 58 µM and IC50 values of 0.0012 and 1.9 µM for MAO-A and MAO-B, respectively [1][2].

It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.

Carnitine is a nonprotein amino acid found naturally in the body, mainly in the muscles, that is synthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine (5). Not only is it found naturally in the body, L-Carnitine can be found in numerous dietary food sources including red meats and dairy, and smaller sources of this amino acid can be found in fish, poultry, asparagus, tempeh, and even peanut butter. Carnitine can also be available as a supplement in various forms including Acetyl L-Carnitine, Propionyl-L-Carnitine, and the most widely available, L-Carnitine (LC)(3). Carnitine is necessary for the important role of shuttling fatty acids, specifically long-chain fatty acids, across the inner mitochondrial membrane for beta oxidation (4).This transport system is critical since this process is rate-limiting for beta-oxidation. Thus, if this transport system is continually in motion, beta-oxidation will occur at a normal rate, allowing the fatty acid molecules to be broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, and eventually ATP.

There are several amino acids that our body needs. However, our body cannot produce all of these. For example, Tryptophan is something that our body requires but cannot produce. Therefore, we have to get it through the food we eat. What is Tryptophan? Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that we need for the production of serotonin, and melatonin. Melatonin is mostly responsible for regulating our sleep cycle. On the other hand, serotonin is responsible in transmitting nerve impulses from the brain and in regulating the mood. Therefore, Tryptophan is very important for our body. In addition, there are many foods that contain tryptophan. For example, turkey, milk, chicken, soy milk, yogurt, brown rice, eggs, and cheese. After eating these,

Beta –carotene toxicity cases are rampant among smokers. Physicians advise active smokers to avoid these supplements as their intake results in increase risk of lung cancer. Scientists have asserted that metabolites elements present in the Beta-carotene substances destroy retinoic acids that repress cancer growth in the lungs (Gutiérrez, & Gonzalez, 2010). In addition, metabolites catalyze proteins responsible for cell division hence activates the growth of cancerous cells. It is for this reason that smokers are prohibited from taking Beta-carotene substances. Thus, Beta-carotene supplements are best suited for diabetic patients and vitamin A deficient individuals.

The roles of antioxidants( Endogenous compounds) are to neutralize the excess of free radicals, to protect the cells against their toxic effects and to contribute in disease

In the article,Natural compound reduces signs of aging in healthy mice,scientists from St. Louis School of Medicine in Washington figured out a way to stop cells’ reproduction of energy and how it ages humans.Scientists gave healthy mice a supplement of the natural compound of, NWN, to make up for the loss of energy. The natural compound also reduced the signs of aging.

The greater longevity and improved health seen at older ages in many parts of the world represent one of the crowning achievements of the last century, but also present a significant

This treatment is the natural defense against aging as it combats the physical signs of aging by reducing the appearance of fine lines and

According to theory of aging, free radical interferes in this case. Aging is the apparently unavoidable decrease in physiologic function that happens after some time. At least four main theories of aging have been discussed that imply to clarify much or majority of the reason of biological aging:

In order to better understand aging-associated diseases, it is first necessary to define what aging is. Aging is a complex, multifactorial process of harmful mutations in cells and tissues that are accumulated over time and result in an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death (Tosato, Zamboni, Ferrini, & Cesari, 2007, p. 401). Contrary to the belief that aging can be cured through medical advances, it is scientifically accepted that, while human life expectancy has increased, the human life span has remained largely unchanged for the past 100,000 years (Tosato et al., p. 401). Therefore, future developments in aging research ought to focus on addressing treatment and prevention of major aging-associated diseases that will