Case Narrative Of Patient With Renal Insufficiency

Kidney Disease - the kidney clean or filter the blood and produce urine waste material as

PAST MEDICAL/SURGICAL HISTORY: As above. SOCIAL HISTORY: Status post heavy smoking, 50+-pack-year history. He quit 10 years ago. Status post alcohol abuse, quit 3 or 4 years ago. He lives by himself and no longer drives but has 2 daughters here in Miami who take him where he needs to go. FAMILY HISTORY: Patient’s wife died 14 years ago of COPD due to lifelong smoking. Brother has diabetes mellitus. Unremarkable family history otherwise. REVIEW OF SYSTEMS: No fever, no nausea, no vomiting. Patient has incontinence of bowel. No shortness of breath, no chest pain, no palpitations. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Well-developed, well-nourished white male who is alert and oriented x3. Wears bilateral hearing aids. Afebrile with blood pressure 130/70. NECK: No carotid bruits. LUNGS: Clear to auscultation bilaterally. HEART: S1, S2 normal. No murmur. No S3 or S4. ABDOMEN: Soft, nontender. No arterial bruits. No masses, no organomegaly. EXTREMITIES: No edema. No pulses present in the lower extremities. The right great toe is absent. The left great toe shows a 2 x 1 cm deep ulcer with redness around the toe with pus extruding. PLAN 1. Get consult with Dr. Beth Brian, Infectious Disease. 2. Follow up with Dr. Hirsch, Orthopedics. (Continued)

O: Left Pointer Finger Nail: A Blue colored discoloration, tender to palpation; Left pointer Finger distal phalanx 1 cm in length purple discoloration, small, pin tip size open area, bleeding has stopped. mild edema

Risk factors for non-communicable diseases, coupled with decreased health care access, make this population highly disproportionately vulnerable to various health disorders, including

Studies show that people living in poverty face adverse living conditions which are associated with various ranges of health problems (Raphael, 2007). This means that people who live in poverty are more likely to suffer from chronic illness such as: coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and various form of cancers. As a result of poverty, individuals are more likely to have a lower life expectancy and higher mortality rate because of those facing numerous chronic illnesses. People living in poverty or in a low income bracket are more likely to be less healthy and have more medical conditions compared to their counterparts. As a result, they are more likely to be in the hospital more frequently with more complicated healthcare needs (Williamson, Stewart, Hayward, Letourneau, Makwarimba, Masuda, Rainee & Reutter, and Rootman & Wilson, 2006).

Kidneys are complex organs that are very important when it comes to the many functions to help maintain the health of the body. This includes the maturation of the red blood cells, regulation of blood pressure as well as secretion of hormones. The Secondary functions of the filtration effect the controlling of the acid base balance in the body, and maintaining bone health (livingstrong.com).

Kidney Failure patients always experience a series of urine changes like frequent urination at night, decreased urine output, bubbly urine, blood urine and urgent urine and so on. All these symptoms are related with urinary system. Well, how does kidney failure affect the urinary system on earth?

The authors explained that the study has some limitations. The authors obtained data from the NHI database, which contains no laboratory data. The diagnoses were not bases on clinical criteria. Moreover, the study did not employ essential clinical indicator like the BMI when assessing diabetes incidence. The study used limited criteria in assessing people’s income. The study classified people who were exempt from premiums as poor. This does not place in account other wealth sources, such as disposable income (Hsu et al., 2012).

In February, my mother stepped out of the bathtub after bathing and caught her toenail in between the grout line of the tile, causing the nail to rip. Her toe nails are long and extremely hard to trim due to her diabetes. My mother didn’t feel the pain from this incident because of the numbness caused by the Parkinson’s disease. It was until she saw blood coming from her toe that my mother went to the hospital emergency room to seek help. During her visit to the hospital, my mother received 5 stitches and was told that her toe was fractured. My mother returned home only to find that her toe was completely infected from improper healing a few days

If kidneys lose their ability to perform, waste and toxins can build up in the body and wreak havoc. This waste buildup essentially poisons the system and is known as kidney failure. Some common causes of kidney malfunction include: kidney stones, rupture of the bladder, or aging of the kidneys. Signs of kidney disease in dogs are: increased water drinking, having accidents around the house, increased urination, apathy, weight loss, and loss of appetite.

Low income seniors with high blood pressure, are the least likely to have prescription coverage. “Just half (56%) of those with incomes between 100 and 135% of the poverty level have drug coverage. In contrast, 77% of those with incomes over 400% of the poverty level have coverage.” (The Commonwealth Fund, 2000)

Pre-renal failure has to do with inadequate fluid in the body, which leads to inadequate perfusion, or blood circulation in the body. This disables the kidney from properly filtering out the blood. Patients have low blood pressure, feel very ill and can go into shock. This may lead to multiple organ failure.

Magnitude of Problem: Many of us aren’t aware the current health status is indicative of society’s overall health condition currently; however, it is worth noting that the past health status or current health status is not indicative of future health status. The magnitude of this problem is exacerbate by income and poverty rates across the United States. Compelling data have shown that Americans of lower socioeconomic status (SES) are at greater risk of getting high blood pressure, getting obese, getting heart disease, getting chronic diseases, and getting mental infirmity.

Health is a complex status, determined by a myriad of factors including biology, genetics, social support, income, social status, education, literacy, employment, working conditions, social and physical environments, personal practices, coping skills, gender, culture, and available health services (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011). America’s Health Rankings (Shi & Singh, 2011) state that health is the result of four controllable and modifiable components: behaviors, the community environment in which people live and work, the clinical health care received, and public and health policies and practices. Improvement in any of these components can lead to an improvement in overall health. Socioeconomic status (SES) is a health determinant

The main social problem is the higher prevalence of heart disease among the poor than the non-poor. This social problem has lead me to the following research question: in the United States, how is poverty associated with the prevalence of heart disease? To answer this question I will define heart disease, why it is an issue needing our attention, and whom it specifically affects. I will then delve into the many social mechanisms that facilitate this trend and show how they all work together to create an environment in which the poor are more likely to deal with heart disease than the non-poor. The mechanisms involved are individual and institutional, meaning that they operate and would have to be addressed at either the individual or institutional level. The individual focused mechanisms include smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, factors from early in life, and mental factors. The institution focused ones include quality of healthcare and lack of access to