Case Study: Does Cinnamon Truly Effect Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Background Audience Relevance: Diabetes is a disease that now in days is becoming more common to society because of the lifestyle in which many of us eat and how easy and cheap it is to obtain unhealthy fast food.

The study had an overall total of 1150 participants. Although there were many participants to begin with, they did not provide all of the feedback the researchers had requested.  This resulted in the expulsion of their participation, so their results were not included in the final reports of the study. The number of patients that did provide the essential information added up to a total of 901. The profile for a participant was a patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in the last 6 months, but has been diagnosed no more than 10 years ago. They had to be between 35-70 years of age. Their BMI had to be more or less than 24 kg/m2 and have an HbA1c more or less than 6.5%. They also had to have treatment with a diet or oral glucose lowering medication. Those needing insulin shots, had been diagnosed with chronic diseases, or had a change in diet or lifestyle 3 months prior to the study were not included in the overall

Everybody knows that obesity is a big factor in developing type-2 diabetes, and that part of coping with this metabolic disorder is lifestyle change. If blood glucose does not go down, then medicines are introduced. Some type-2 diabetics even have to administer insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels

According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of the

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

1 January 2017. The purpose of this source is for general scientific research and understanding diabetes. This gives the view on ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment and

Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic, complex disease that has become a worldwide health crisis. According to the World Health Organization over 422 million people in the world had this disease in 2014 (1), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention stated that in the United States alone 29 million people had diabetes in 2014 (2). While the genetic predisposition contributing to the diabetes phenotype is not fully understood to date it still remains an area of active research. There are also various environmental factors that contribute stress to the glucose homeostasis system that provide a different approach in understanding this disease. Comprehending the pathogenesis of the disease has been an area of constant research for decades. There is hope that pharmaceutical developments can follow along and find medical treatments that can target the key pathogenic elements of this disease.

The article that I use as peer reviewed journal is “ Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes”. Type 2 diabetes is considered as the most common disease that affect many people. This is a condition that is associated with a high buildup of sugar in the blood stream. The symptoms are constant hunger, fatigue, lack of energy and frequent urination. At milder levels, the symptoms become severe and lead to the death of an individual. Importantly, it also increases the rate of the cardiovascular disease once an individual has been reported to have such symptoms. The cardiovascular diseases lead to a greater rate of complications in patients with type two diabetes and result in loss of life and also in the United States, it has been rated as one of the leading causes of death. Due to this reason, researchers have focused more on the development of appropriate drugs to improve the treatment of the condition. The article on “semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes” provides beneficial knowledge to the health-care field.

Diabetes is a very common chronic medial disorder and expected to be a big medical challenge of the twenty first century (Clark, 2004). It is a condition, in which the glucose level in the blood becomes so high that the body is unable to utilize it properly. This long-term condition results when the pancreas of the victim is either not able to produce enough insulin (sometimes even cannot produce any insulin) or the insulin produced cannot work properly. Diabetes is divided into two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1, also known as insulin dependent diabetes milletus (Masharani, 2008) cannot be prevent while Type 2 can be prevented but if the patient is at pre-diabetes stage.

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in adults. It accounts for approximately 90%-95% of diagnosed diabetes in adults in the United States (cdc.gov, n.d.). Newly diagnose cases of diabetes tripled from 1980-2011 in the United States. It is a costly and deadly disease. Because there are many comorbidities and complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes, it is essential to treat diabetes effectively. Clinicians deal with this ongoing problem on a daily basis. Therefore, new treatment options are needed. Diabetes can be treated and managed by regular physical activity, healthy eating, and by decreasing cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as high lipid levels, high to decrease blood glucose levels are important aspects of disease management. At this time, there are 14 classes of medications currently available to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, however, only 36 % of the patients achieve glycemic control on their present medications. Also, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes continues to increase which escalates the medical cost to treat the disease. In 2012, the estimates cost of type 2 diabetes was $176 billion. The cost to treat this disease is going to continue to rise. Even though there are drugs available to treat type 2 diabetes, new treatment options with different mechanisms of action are needed to improve patient outcome through better glycemic control (Miller, Nguyen, Jia-Haur, Chihyi, & Nguyen, 2014).

“Worldwide, more than 284 million people have diabetes, and this number is expected to reach 439 million by 2030” (Liebl, Khunti, Orozco-Beltran and Yale, 2015, p. 13). There are several types of diabetes present throughout the population (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes) (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research [MFMER], 2016). “Type 2 diabetes, once known as adult-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose), your body 's important source of fuel” (MFMER, 2016). There is a debate about whether or not Type 2 diabetics would benefit from insulin sooner (Liebl, Khunti, Orozco-Beltran and Yale, 2015). When considering diabetes management there are several things to consider, for instance the cost of medication regimens, diabetes complications, and education on self-management (Liebl, Khunti, Orozco-Beltran and Yale, 2015).

Overall, the quality of the studies was questionable. Most studies revealed that investigators could not ensure the integrity of the cinnamon supplement used in the intervention, and information on dosing did not include the amount of active ingredients.1,3 Perhaps the most limiting factor of the studies had to do with the fact that other changes that might also affect FPG and HbA1c (hypoglycemic medication adherence, diet, physical activity, exercise routines) were not consistently monitored during this time.1 Furthermore, the potential side effects of high dosages of cinnamon have not been well studied.3 In animal studies, the couramin component of cinnamon has been shown to increase hepatotoxicity.3

Diabetes Mellitus is a debilitating and chronic disease in which life long care and rehabilitation is required. According to the World Health Organization, diabetes affects over 300 million people worldwide, and continues to rise each year. There are three main categories of diabetes; type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is related to insulin, which is a hormone secreted by the cells of the pancreas. (WHO) Insulin is responsible for maintaining an ideal glucose level in the blood. Due to abnormal insulin metabolism, the cells and tissues can’t make use of glucose from the blood, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. (WHO)

The disease I chose to write on research paper is Diabetes Mellitus Type II. Diabetes is one of the major chronic diseases caused by the insulin resistance that body generates within. It is a serious public health issue currently. There are different types of diabetes we encounter nowadays, but the three main types are Type I, Type II and gestational diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The type II diabetes is a non-controlled disease and it is the most common and also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The impact on the human physiology is by insufficient production of sugar (insulin) in the bloodstream which then over the time damages to other organs. According to Public Health Agency of Canada, 90% to 95% of Canadian population are diagnosed with diabetes, especially with Type II diabetes (PHAC, 2016). It is statically proven that in 2008-09, approximately 2.4 million Canadians from the age group of one year and older are diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, 6.4% of females and 7.2% of males are prevalence in epidemiology to the condition of diabetes (PHAC,2016).

Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.