Case Study: Malignant Neoplasm Of The Right Lower Lobe

The two body organ systems involved in gas exchange are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. O2 and CO2 cross the cell membrane via simple diffusion. Because cells all throughout the body require oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, this simple method of diffusion is the best way to transport such small molecules over a large area as efficiently as possible.

Air is entered through the mouth and then travels down to the lungs. As gases move between the air within the alveoli and the bloodstream within the capillaries, they must cross a thin barrier of alveolar cells and one layer of capillary cells. As oxygen within the alveolar air is of higher concentration than the oxygen within the bloodstream, oxygen

When oxygen is inhaled through the lungs it sheds through the alveoli and vessels, ending up in the red blood cells (Effros, 2006). Oxygen is then transported through the blood and into the specific body tissues. When exhaling, carbon dioxide is then formed by the digestive system and travels back through the blood and gets extracted through the alveoli and out to the

Gas exchange is when oxygen is delivered from the lungs to the blood stream and carbon dioxide is taken out of the bloodstream and into the lungs. Gas exchange occurs within the lungs between the alveoli and capillaries which are in the walls of the alveoli. The walls of the alveoli share a membrane with the capillaries in which oxygen and carbon dioxide move freely between the respiratory system and the bloodstream. Oxygen molecules attach to red blood cells, which travel back to the heart. At the same time, the carbon dioxide in the alveoli are exhaled out of the body.

There is a small amount of carbon dioxide and more oxygen in the body because of gases exchange this is where oxygen form the lungs is transferred in to the blood and carried to the heart and when carbon dioxide is carried in to the lungs forms the blood and is exacted outwards by breathing. Mitochondria also need oxygen to create carbon dioxide for the body so the gas exchange can happen again. Outside the body there is a smaller amount of oxygen but it is still higher than CO2.

Therefore, the most notable P53-induced mechanisms in mediating this response are cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [18], which activation depends on the cellular context and the extent of damage [20].

When the oxygen molecule meets the hemoglobin, it bounds to the heme group of the hemoglobin and cooperative binding allows the remaining oxygen molecule to bind to the heme group. According to the nature web, this picture explain the way gases exchange. First the Oxygen is being inspired frim the air; the oxygen tension (Po2) in air is 21KPa (159 mmHg), which is a concentration of 21%.When warmed air arrives in the lungs, it loses some pressure: Po2 = 20 kPa (150 mm Hg). The oxygen pressure continues to decrease in the circulation: Pa2 = 13 kPa (100 mm Hg) in the averli and 5 kPa (40 mm Hg) in viens that reach the heart. The oxygen pressure in the tissues then decreases with increasing distance from the blood vessuls: Po2 = 0.5 – 2.5 KPa (4-20

In order to become cancerous a cell has many molecular changes that can occur including: tumor suppressor gene inactivation, oncogene activation, telomerase lengthening, ability to evade apoptosis, and angiogenesis (Mechanisms in Medicine, 2012). There are a few particular

The oxygen moves by diffusion across the wall of the alveolus into the blood capillary. The blood carries the oxygen away. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood stream through the wall of the alveolus into the air inside the alveolus. The air is then breathed out. 7

The lungs are sponges that fill with air, and fill every inch the surrounding thoracic cavity. The lungs contain lobes. The lobes divide each lung, and the right lung being bigger has more lobe divisions. The pulmonary veins enter here and exit here as well. Inside the lungs are clusters of air sacks that are called alveoli. The alveoli are part of the bronchioles that enter each lung. The oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs. The exchange happens from a small blood vassal nod the alveoli. When the oxygen exchange is completed the inhaled air moves into the blood. While the oxygen moves into the blood the carbon dioxide is exhaled by the lungs. Before the blood can be moved properly it has to be made into oxyhemoglobin.

2. The exchanges of gas begins with the diffusion of oxygen down its gradient; oxygen present in the environment is greater compared to oxygen in tissues and vice versa for carbon dioxide. After the oxygen is inhaled, the oxygen binds to hemoglobin and then travels via the bloodstream into the alveolar capillaries in the lungs. The oxygen rich blood goes into the right side of the heart and the left side pumps it to the rest of the body while exhibiting a greater oxygen partial pressure at this point than the atmosphere. The exchanges of gases between the capillaries and the cells of the body occur by the diffusion of

2. Carbon dioxide- is collected and transported to lungs for purification and oxygenation process is done. Transported back to the heart and lungs.

As mentioned, gas exchange is the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

Similarly carbon dioxide diffuses down a concentration gradient from the blood stream into the alveoli. It is diluted in the volume of air in the lungs, and the concentration gradient is made even steeper when fresh air is breathed into the lungs.

The process of inhalation starts with the diaphragm contracting and moving downwards. This increases the space in the thoracic cavity, which then causes an expansion of the lungs. The intercostal muscles between the ribs helps this expansion of the chest cavity to occur. The muscles contract to pull the rib cage upward and outward as you inhale. As the lungs expand, air enters the body from the nose and mouth. From there, air enters the trachea, larynx, and into the lungs. After passing the bronchioles the air enters the alveoli, where oxygen from the air passes the pulmonary capillaries. Oxygen moves from the alveolus to the blood with the help of the protein hemoglobin. While this is happening, carbon dioxide travels from the pulmonary artery