Case Study Of Carcinoma

Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.

The term “intracystic papillary ductal carcinoma in situ ”, has recently changed and is now more appropriatelyreferred to as “intracystic papillary carcinoma’’ constituting only 0.5% to 1% of all breast cancers. Herein, we discuss an unusual case of intracystic insitu papillary carcinoma of breast in a postmenopausal woman, the diagnosis of which was made on histopathology. So careful histopathological evaluation is the mainstay to arrive at the correct diagnosis to avoid untoward complications related to under diagnosis and /over diagnosis.

Diagnosis of cancer is not only the most important aspect in the overall management of the cancer patient, but it is also a very comprehensive and challenging task. It has been established beyond doubt that earlier the commencement of the treatment, better is the outcome; this is true for all diseases and more so for cancer. Research and studies have validated that the probability of survival for a time period of five years in a patient of breast cancer stage I is 90%–95%. However, this probability in case of patients in Sstage IV is found to be a mere 15%. This indicates not only the huge difference in the survival of patients according to their different stages of the disease, but also lays emphasis on the need for an early

A histologically confirmed metastasis in the absence of a detectable primary cancer (after investigation) is termed cancer of unknown primary or CUP (1). CUP comprises 2-6% of all malignancies (1), and is generally divided further based on the site of the metastasis and prognosis (2). Most cases are carcinomas with adenocarcinomas (undifferentiated to well differentiated) accounting for 90%, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) making up 5% and undifferentiated neoplasm accounting for the remainder (3). In post-mortem studies, the primary tumor was discovered in 73% of patients with the most common site being: lung (27%), pancreas (24%), liver or bile duct (8%), kidney or adrenals (8%), colon or rectum (7%), genital system (7%), and stomach (6%)

The evaluation looks at these factors in relationship to the cancer’s invasion of other organs, metastases to lymph nodes or beyond and the persistence or recurrence of the cancer

In-situ carcinomas were divided into three grades; Solid, cribriform and micropapillary carcinomas were designated as grade I and classified as grade II if they had intermediate cytomorphology. While Comedo-carcinoma has been placed in grade III. (54)

Jenny is a 45 year old female that is diagnosed with stage IIB, T2pN1aM0 invasive ductal carcinoma, high grade, triple negative, right upper outer quadrant, Ki-67 80% (D05.11), along with status post neoadjuvant chemotherapy with pathologic residual invasive disease, status post right breast mastectomy and lymph noted dissection with prophylactic let breast mastectomy, BRCA1 and BRCA2 negative. Jenny was previously treated with 4 cycles of neoadjuvant dose-dense Adriamycin and cytozan with neulasta, 12 cycles of neoadjuvant weekly taxol, and underwent left breast skin-sparing mastectomy and right breast skin-sparing mastectomy and lymph node biopsy, but still experienced disease progression. Jenny’s disease is aggressive and progressive.

Situation: The client is a 50-year-old female teacher who was notified of an abnormal screening mammogram. Diagnosis of infiltrating ductal carcinoma was made following a stereotactic needle biopsy of a 1.5 x 1.5 cm lobulated mass at the 3:00 position in her left breast. The client had a modified radical mastectomy with lymph node dissection. The sentinel lymph node and 11 of 16 lymph nodes were positive for tumor. Estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors were both positive. Further staging work-up was negative for distant metastasis. Her final staging was stage IIB. Her prescribed chemotherapy regimen is 6 cycles of CAF after a single-lumen central line was placed.

○ Stage III: tumor has spread to nearby blood vessels and/or lymph nodes but not to other organs

results, an overall stage of I to IV will be assigned. Unresectable or metastatic melanoma is

A retrospective study was conducted, cytological smears of 30 cases of breast carcinomas on FNAC were graded according to the Robinson’s cytology grading and correlated with Modified Bloom Richardson histopathological grading system over a period of 1 year.

Hereby, the gene expression profiling has identified four major breast cancer subtypes which are luminal A, luminal B, HER-2 related and basal-like. Luminal cancers express hormone receptors (ER) while the HER2 subtypes overexpress HER2 gene products, besides luminal B cancers often have lower expression levels of hormone receptors and higher proliferative rates. The basal-like and HER2 groups are more likely identified as hormone receptor-negative breast cancers. Moreover, they are mostly estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, lack HER2 protein

It has been created to standardize the staging system for hilar cholangiocarcinomas in order to provide information regarding the resectability, liver transplantation and prognosis of the tumor. It includes information from the previous staging systems including: the extent of the tumor in the biliary system (B), tumor size (T), tumor form (F), involvement of the portal vein (PV), involvement of the hepatic artery (HA), liver volume remnant (V), the presence of underlying liver disease (D), the status of lymph nodes (N) and the presence of metastatic disease (M) (Figure

Pre-treatment biopsies and post-treatment surgical specimens were collected and analyzed by HER2 FISH and IHC following the 2013 ASCO/CAP guidelines. TNT residual tumour, in both breast and lymph node specimens, was quantified and tumor regression was scored according to Pinder’s histopathological criteria. Clinico-pathological features were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed and a p-value <0.0001). Notably, 9 of 61 (15%) BCs became HER2 FISH negative after treatment. Pinder’s regression score correlated with HA (p=0.0006), but not with

If we take a look at an example about prostate cancer, with the data collected by Hastie, Tibshirani, Friedman in The Elements of Statistical Learning [2] and view the scatterplot in figure 1.1, we can see that the dependent variable, the log of the prostate specific antigen (lpsa) has a strong positive correlation particularly with lcavol (the log cancer volume) and lcp (the log of capsular penetration) with weaker but still strong correlations with the other dependent variables, log prostate weight (lweight), age, log of the amount of benign prostatic hyperplasia (lbph), and percent of Gleason scores 4 or 5 (pgg45), but not the svi (seminal vesicle invasion) and gleason (gleason score) as these are categorical variables [2]. Below figures 1.2 and 1.3 were fit with all variables and figures 1.4 and 1.5 were simplified by removing variables that had high p values until I felt that the model was better improved and they were fit thereafter. When we plot the fitted values against the residuals, if there is linearity, we should get an even spread around the line at 0. If we look at figures 1.2 and 1.4, for which the R coding can be found in the appendix below (section 7), we can see that they both seem to have linearity with figure 1.2 having possible outliers further away from the line and figure 1.4 having a more even spread. Taking a look at figure 1.3 we can see that there is a particularly good fit along the middle but the tails have fairly large variation, suggesting a