Case Study Of Carvedilol Phosphate

In experiment two, the drug Panacetin was separated by a series of chemical reactions into its three components: sucrose, aspirin, and an unknown active ingredient, either acetanilide or phenacetin. The purpose of this lab was to determine what percentages of each component is present in the pain-killer. The initial step was to dissolve Panacetin in dichloromethane. However, sucrose is insoluble in dichloromethane because organic molecules are soluble in organic solvents, and dichloromethane is an inorganic solvent, so only aspirin and the unknown dissolved. By using gravity filtration, sucrose was filtered from the solution and 0.30g of solid was collected.

Hypothesis: It was hypothesised the colder the water is, the slower the tablet dissolves and the hotter the water gets, the faster the tablet dissolves. This is due to the particles heating up and getting excited thus separating the particles faster. It was suspected that the 20°C tablet in water would finish dissolving at 6 minutes, the 40° would dissolve at 4 minutes and the 50° would dissolve at 2 minutes. Also it was suspected that the 30°C tablet in water would dissolve after 4 minutes and the 60°C would finish dissolving after 1 minute.

The antacid tablets were not crushed properly, resulting in big crumbs of the tablet which will affect the dissolving process of the lab.

0 – no level of dissolution taken place where the shape and texture of the panadol has not been altered since immersion in the solvent

can dissolve quickly in liquid. Thus, if exposed to rainwater, the pills would have dissolved. He will also show that

Beta-blockers have been recently reported to decrease mortality in heart failure patients. Mortality and hospitalization rates for patients with the disease are high and continue to rise. Despite the magnitude of the problem, treatment of congestive heart failure is often inadequate. Primary care physicians care for most patients with heart failure. Beta-blocker therapy is appropriate in patients with NYHA class II or class III symptoms resulting from left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Unless contraindicated, beta-blockers should be considered a mainstay of therapy in these patients to improve symptoms and mortality and to decrease hospitalizations. Beta-blockers should not be administered to patients with heart failure who have bradycardia, heart block or hemodynamic instability.

The medicine controls the rhythm of the heart and steadies the heart

Running the chloroform extracts and diluted sample together with two positive controls and a negative control on a single chromatographic plate simultaneously, the retention factor(Rf) of five different samples were determined. The RF value of the chloroform extract(0.75) tallied with that of the codeine positive control and that of diluted sample(1.00) with the paracetamol positive control.

In evaluating M.T.’s medication regimen it is noted she is currently taking metoprolol 50mg twice daily and it is proven to be ineffective in managing her blood pressure which is currently noted as 174/94 with a pulse of 90. The metoprolol is a beta blocker and is not a first choice for a monotherapy to treat hypertension. The regimen is twice daily and creates complications for the M.T. to remember to take the medication. In addition, there is no documented history of heart failure or MI in M.T.’s medical history but there is

BB have been shown to be effective in treating people with PAD as well as those with undergoing any vascular surgery. For instance, after vascular surgery, the chance for myocardial infarction ranges from 5-24% after the surgery (Mostafaie et al., 2015). The aim of the study is to investigate the role of metoprolol and its effects on cardiac complications after vascular surgery in reducing cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction, and other cardiac problems. This was shown in a study by the Colcharne Collaboration. It is a double blind random control trial with one group (298 people) receiving a placebo, while the other group (301 people) received some type of beta blocker. To measure the results, a meta-analysis was done with an odds ratio (OR) and Confidence Interval (CI) (Mostafie et al., 2015). There was no evidence that perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade reduced all-cause mortality (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.03 to 15.02), non-fatal myocardial infarction (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.49; P value = 0.53), heart failure (OR 1.71, 95% CI 0.40 to 7.23), stroke (OR 2.67, 95% CI 0.11 to 67.08), or composite cardiovascular events (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.39; P value= 0.57). However, there was strong evidence that BB increased the odds of intra-operative bradycardia (OR 4.97, 95% CI 3.22 to 7.65; P value < 0.00001) and intra-operative hypotension (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.59; P value = 0.0005)

3µM This is the concentration of drug that will act on the receptors in the tissue. For the calculations to obtain this data, see Appendix

The finished product need to contain active ingredients complying with the qualitative and quantitative composition of the marketing authorisation and are of the purity required.

Captopril treats HBP and congestive heart failure “Captopril is an oral drug and a member of a class of drugs called angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors” (Ogbru, 2014 ). “Administration of captopril results in a reduction of peripheral arterial resistance in hypertensive patients with either no change, or an increase, in cardiac output”

Relative in vitro dissolution behaviour of pure docetaxel and optimized SNEP was assessed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (500 mL; pH 1.2; 37±0.5°C) as dissolution medium using USP type II paddle apparatus (Electrolab, India) at a paddle rotation speed of 50 rpm. At predetermined time points, an aliquot of 5 mL was withdrawn and equal volume of the fresh dissolution medium was replaced to maintain the medium volume constant. All the samples were filtered using Millipore membrane filter (0.45 µm, Millipore, USA), diluted and the concentration of docetaxel was assayed by HPLC. Various dissolution parameters such as dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution time (MDT), initial dissolution rate (IDR), and mean dissolution rate (MDR) were calculated to assess the dissolution profiles [29,30].

Precipitation of API from the solution is due to the insolubility of any API in solution. Solubility of API in solution is depends on various parameters like pH, temperature, compatibility with other ingredients, and formulation procedure and saturation solubility of the various components in the vehicle. If the drug and vehicle are incompatible with each other than also the precipitation may occur.