Case Study Of Dengue

* Flaviviruses: share a common size (40-60nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope. Therefore, images of West Nile virus are representative for this group of viruses.

Ex: Many people in Texas had malaria as well as Dengue Fever due to their large mosquito population.

In the article” When mosquitoes were killers in America” by Lauren Tarshis, there is evidence that discussed how mosquitoes were far more than a nuisance. The article talked about the symptoms of having malaria. Tarshis said,”Those who become sick get high fevers, bone - rattling chills, and painful muscle aches.” It must have been very painful for people in the olden days who had malaria. The current generation is very lucky because there are medicines that reduce pain. Malaria is a deadly disease caused by mosquitoes sucking blood and transferring the blood to another human's body. Tarshis talked about how many people die in a year due to mosquitoes. The article says” In this way, bite by itchy bite, 212 million people are infected with malaria

Yellow fever is a deadly disease caused by a viral infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Although it is found to be most common in males in their early 20's, yellow fever can affect any sex, race, or age. Since yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes, it is most often found in areas such as Central America, the northern half of South America, and Central Africa where mosquitoes are abundant. The reason why it is found so often in these

In this project women of childbearing age was largely the population of focus, with many social determinants of the health that made this already vulnerable population even more in need of assistance concerning possible Zika outbreaks, prenatal education, and family planning services. Social determinants of health may include a variety of non-medical variables such as socioeconomic status, education attainment, neighborhood factors, racial discrimination, access to resources, working environment, etc. (Braveman, Egerter, & Williams, 2011; Mendez, Hogan, & Culhane, 2013). Women of childbearing age in relation to Zika virus exposure risk may encounter institutionalized racism and various upstream determinants of health that may negatively impact their ability to obtain healthcare coverage, educational resources, and family planning services. The political trends in Texas towards defunding Planned Parenthood and not expanding Medicaid services has placed an enormous burden on the women of Texas who wish to plan or prevent pregnancy but do not have the financial means to do so (Darney, et al., 2017). In the wake of a possible endemic disease, such as Zika virus, the most vulnerable will be the most susceptible.

West Nile Virus is a disease most people have probably heard about. It is a reasonably common disease. The statistics for 2015 prove this; "Overall, 2,060 cases of West Nile virus disease in people have been reported to CDC. Of these, 1,360 (66%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (such as meningitis or encephalitis) and 700 (34%) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease". ("Statistics & Maps." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 09 June 2015. Web. 06 Mar. 2016.) West Nile Virus, or WNV, was first identified in 1937, when a Uganda woman had it. It came to the United States in 1999 in the New York City area.

That is the troubling account of Dr. Lyle Peterson, specialist in the field of infectious disease control on the condition of West Nile Virus entering the United States. Though West Nile has affected many different regions, Africa has had the worst death rates. Conditions and diagnostics reveal that the disease is real and has some very dangerous effects. There are many actions being put forth to stop the rapid spread, but there are also some factors preventing countries from issuing control techniques such as costs and environmental considerations. The origin and history of West Nile need to be analyzed to predict where it will be in the future and know how it became as large as it is now. Additionally, the main problem lies in the fact that there are so many prime areas for the main carrier, the mosquito, to thrive in. Indeed, this all leads to the rampant condition of West Nile Virus the world faces today, the worst that it has ever been.

Marsha- As we know, the Zika virus can be passed from the mother to the fetus and can cause congenital microcephaly and other severe brain defects to the fetus. If you have a confirmed case of the Zika virus, does your department have a protocol in place for scanning these patients? Have you performed a case that there was a confirmed case of the Zika virus? If so, can you tell us what the physicians plan was for the patient and fetus?

Working as a medical officer, I came across scores of patients with mosquito-borne diseases. Despite my state having a near cent percent literacy, my hospital wards were flooded by patient with dengue, malaria, and chikungunya. I studied about these notorious ear buzzing mosquitoes in my medical school, but never did I know how villain they were. After moving to Singapore, I understood how these diseases are a major problem even in developed countries. I can never forget those patients with chikungunya who had

Dr. Sarah Park, State Epidemiologist for the Hawaii State Department of Health responded to reporters last week about a baby that was born in a Hawaii hospital with a birth defect linked to the Zika virus. It was reported that this is the first case in the United States linked to the Zika virus. The Hawaii State Health Department said that the mother probably contracted the disease while she was living in Brazil last year and passed the disease to her child while her child was still in the womb. Dr. Parks assured the public that there was no risk of the virus spreading from this case and that the Zika virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected person and then bites someone else. The disease is not transmitted person to person. Dr.

Those who have WNV will not show any signs or symptoms. About 20% of people will develop a mild infection called West Nile Fever and will experience fever, headache, body ache, vomiting, diarrhea, and skin rash (West Nile Virus). If WNV gets severe many issues can occur to the infected. A very small percentage of infected people suffer from neurological infection, including inflammation of brain (encephalitis) and of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) (West Nile Virus). These signs include high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, disorientation, coma, muscle jerking, seizures, and partial paralysis. The difference of how mild or severe WNV can affect you temporarily or sustain permanent damage.

The Dengue virus is currently the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral infection in the world. Yearly, it brings 50 million infections and a minimum of 1200 deaths. Originally, Dengue fever was transmitted to apes and monkeys by the Aedes stegomia mosquito, and rarely directly to humans. The main reason Dengue has been spreading increasingly over the past 25 years is because of the urbanization of tropical environments. The destruction of the jungles for habitation put humans in close range of the natural Dengue hosts, causing an outbreak of the virus in the human species (Macklin, 2014). In this case, the human impact on the viruses was the human interference with the environment in which this virus

Yellow fever was not caused by miasma in the atmosphere like the inhabitants of Philadelphia thought. The actual cause of the fever would not be known until the nineteenth century. The United States’ invasion of Cuba would lead to the discovery of the cause. A man named Walter Reed discovered that the virus was caused by the female Aedes aegypti mosquito in the year 1900. It would not be until 1930 with the work of a man named Max Theiler that a vaccine would be developed.

By learning about different viruses in class, it sparked my interest in further researching a common virus known to the word called West Nile virus. Affiliated with the genus Flavivirus, this virus can be transported globally due to being classified as a mosquito-borne arbovirus1. Mosquitoes, belonging to the genus Culex, can facilitate the transportation of this pathogen by consuming the blood of an infected bird, being the main reservoir, and then passing it on to another animal or human1-3. Mosquito activity is at its peak during the months of summer and autumn, therefore these months depict the most cases of West Nile virus4. Humans play no role in the transportation as they are coined dead end hosts due to not being able to produce enough

West Nile Encephalitis is a West Nile Virus that causes inflammation of the brain. The viral family’s name is flaviviridae and genera flavivirus (Tortora. Funke. Case, 2010, p 376). The flavivirus genome consists of positive RNA single strand. However, the virus has acquired several mutations and research is ongoing (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2010 p 223). West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus and is transmitted to human beings through the bite of infected mosquitoes. It is the leading cause of domestically acquired arthropod-borne disease in the United States. (Nicole, 2014 para.1). According to the World Health Organization (2011), “Approximately 80% of people who are infected will not show any symptoms. However, less than 1% of the people who are infected will show severe symptoms resulting to a serious neurological illness like encephalitis.” (Center for Disease Control (2015)