Case Study Of Proteus Mirabilis

The Florida Hospital Association has sponsored a project for the infection control of home care patients. In this project, the professionals and agencies had learnt about the occurrence of urinary tract infections and central-line infections. The author has

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2017), “Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the fourth most common type of healthcare-associated infection, with an estimated 93,300 UTIs in acute care hospitals in 2011. UTIs additionally account for more than 12% of infections reported by acute care hospitals. Virtually all healthcare-associated UTIs are caused by instrumentation of the urinary tract” (p. 7-1).

CAUTIs are the most commonly reported HAI in the US. Although morbidity and mortality from CAUTI is considered to be relatively low compared to other HAIs, the high prevalence of urinary catheter use leads to a large cumulative burden of infections with resulting infectious complications and deaths ("Prevention of CAUTI-Acute care settings," 2011, p. 1). In addition, bacteriuria frequently leads to unnecessary antimicrobial use, and urinary drainage systems may serve as reservoirs for MDR bacteria and a source of

Unknown 12 was proved to be Proteus vulgaris. This organism was a gram-negative rod growing in single. This organism, which grew on a TSA plate, was catalase positive. A drop of H2O2 was added on to the colony and it began to bubble. Therefore, the catalase enzyme was present and broke down the peroxides in to non-toxic forms H2O and O2.

A sample of the patients bacteria causing the urinary tract infection can only be used if a urine sample is bacteriologically viable (1 Radar). Infected urine and sterile urine are common samples used for the diagnosis of patients (1 Radar). It is important to gain further knowledge of multiple organisms’ resistance to antibiotics that cause urinary tract infections (1Radar). Escherichia coli has distinct characteristics and structures that help identify their unique properties (2 Johnson). Escherichia coli is the most common and most prevalent bacteria present in the fecal flora of the human colon (2 Johnson). Because of Escherichia coli unique ability to overcome the obstacles of a new environment, it makes easy for bacteria to spread into the urinary tract and produce a discomforting infection (2 Johnson). All research conducted lead to the belief that Escherichia coli was the Enterobacteriaceae pathogen causing the UTI in the patient. In order to confirm this prediction a set of differential tests and biochemical test must be conducted.

Due to weaken immune system, declining organ function, poor sensory perception, and multiple prescribed and over the counter medications, and comorbidities elderly patients are at risk for infections. For many elderly patients the possibility of developing an infection is extremely high, on account of hospitalization or living in long-term care facilities. The most common type of infection acquired in these facilities is urinary tract infections. A urinary tract infection most likely affects the bladder or urethra; more serious urinary tract infections occur in the kidneys. There may be symptoms such as urinary urgency or frequency, but in other cases there are no symptoms at all. This urine infection is caused by gram-negative sepsis.

The importance of identification of a certain microorganisms can range between a life threatening diseases to a creation of certain antibiotic. Understanding the principals of living microbes and identifying my unknown bacteria through numerous biochemical and metabolism tests, with the outmost confidence, Proteus vulgaris had the precise qualifications. The point of this report is to further explore the identification of my unknown bacteria by revealing the results of the experiments and comparing them to the other six known bacteria: Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris that were used in the lab, as well as comparing and

Urinary tract infection (UTI) are extremely common healthcare-associated infections, it is estimated that about 6 million American are affected annually. One of the risk factors for developing UTI is associated with indwelling urinary catheter; approximately 80% of UTI are related to the use of indwelling urinary catheter (Lederer, Jarvis, Thomas, & Ritter, 2014). Indwelling urinary catheters are common sources of infection in the urinary tract because they are irritating to the tissue and, when inserted, may be a means of introducing bacteria directly into the bladder if sterile technique is not used

Microbes have several virulence factors to help evade the immune response and reproduce such as capsules. These capsules or polysaccharide matrixes aid survival through antigenic masking that protects the microbe against immune barriers and allows them to reproduce and infect a susceptible host. Many microorganisms including Clostridium botulinum also produce heat resistant endospores that are difficult to eradicate and aid transmission; Clostridium botulinum is able to enter the food chain and produce a botulinum toxin to create a common – source epidemic. Other microbes such as Bacillus anthracis can produce spores that are hard to eradicate and are used for air – borne transmission. Some pathogenic organisms including Staphylococcus aureus are also developing an innate resistance to antibiotic treatment. This prolongs the treatment and gives the microbe additional time to infect more susceptible hosts and establish

Infection is the invasion and growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. A prokaryotic cell is a simple cell that does not have a nucleus. One of the most common types of prokaryotic cells is a bacterium. Bacteria are differentiated by many factors including shape, chemical composition, nutritional requirements, biochemical activities, and sources of energy (Tortora 76). A patient with an infection in the upper respiratory system will need to have a sputum sample sent to the lab for further evaluation to determine the cause in order to accurately treat the infection. While many microorganisms can be the cause of infection,

Urosepsis is sepsis with a source localized to the urinary tract. It is a severe infection, distinguishing it from other urinary tract infections including mild pyelonephritis accounts for 5% of severe sepsis, whereas UTIs account for 40% of nosocomial infections. Usually this infection stems from the nurses not using proper sterile technique when changing foley catheters, obtaining urine specimens from the port or having the adequate time to do proper foley management on these patients. Foley catheters are a flexible tube that passes through the urethra and into the bladder to drain urine which is used in certain cases such as urinary retention. The thin flexible tubes are known to harvest multiple bacteria especially if the foley catheter is left in place over a long period of time. Usually if a patient is in need of a foley catheter it is inserted by the nurse using aseptic technique to decrease the risk of infections. In some cases you may notice some nurses who do use the proper technique but as the nurse to patient ratio has increased there are more and more nurses that are breaking the sterile field while inserting foley catheters and they still continue to insert the tube

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are caused by transmission of bacteria to the urinary tract via the urinary catheter during catheter insertion, via the catheter lumen, or by handling of the catheter drainage bag (Mori, 2014). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 35% of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and about 80% of the UTIs are related to the presence of indwelling urinary catheter (IUC). CAUTIs are a significant problem affecting the patients as well as the health care system as they are linked with increased morbidity and mortality, increased health care expenses, and extended hospitalization (Gould, 2015).

S. aureus produces haemolysins and leukocidins that are able to lyse host blood cells. When leukocytes, especially neutrophils, are lysed, they release lysosomal enzymes that damage the surrounding tissue. The host response to this tissue damage is to deposit a fibrin capsule around the damage containing it to the site of the infection. This fibrin capsule also protects the bacteria inside from the host’s immune cells.

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract

Virulence Factors: The most important virulence factor of S. aureus is the specific surface proteins that allow the organism to attach to host proteins. The surface proteins of this bacterium allow it to attach to host proteins such as laminin and fibronectin, which form the extracellular matrix of epithelial and endothelial cells. S. aureus also produces a number of membrane damaging toxins that allow the organism to further invade and harm the host, of which the alpha- toxin is the most well studied and is the protein responsible for septic shock. The alpha- toxin is a protein that binds to a specific receptor in platelets and monocytes in humans, forming pores that eventually destroy the cell.