Essay on Case Study

As a member of management Clive Jenkins is responsible for boosting employee morale to ensure that company goals are met

1. Write a client outcome to help Mrs. Ross resolve the symptoms (i.e., defining characteristics). Refer to Section III (beginning on p. 119) of the Ackley and Ladwig text.

Viruses - are extremely small particles made from protein and either DNA or RNA. They are not made up of cells instead they invade the living cells of other organisms and use them to produce many copies of

Step 1: How will you identify the “vital” cellular protein that the virus targets for degradation? (Hint: think proteomics). (3 pts.)

RSV belongs to the paramyxovirus family of viruses. The virion encompasses a helical nucleocapsid packaged in a lipoprotein envelope attained from the host cell plasma membrane during budding. The external surface of the envelope contains a periphery of surface spikes.

1. To begin, assume that it is now January 1, 1993, and that each bond in Table 1 matures on December 31 of the year listed. Further, assumes that each bond has $1,000 par value, each had a 30-year maturity when it was issued, and the bonds currently have a 10 percent required nominal rate or return.

Viruses can replicate themselves but only within a host cell in which they hijack as they do not own any translational machinery, so it is unable to create new RNA or DNA fragments or create a new set of virions5. In the first stages of viral replication the virus will attach itself onto a host cell via the glycoprotein spikes which eject off the capsid – this is called adorption6. The virion will then transfer its genomic material whether its RNA or DNA into the host cell via penetration of plasma membranes and this occurs through receptors binding to receptor sites and activating a chain of reactions6,7. The virus will the inject its own genomic material into the host cell which causes the host cell to use its replication techniques to replicate the foreign genome meaning its expressed by the host cell – hijacking the cell6. The genomic material that is now in the cell will be replicated as the cell is infected and will express these new characteristics of the virus instead of being able to carry out its own job. The newly produced proteins and enzymes will now mature within the host cell and group together to form new virions and viruses. After these are fully matured the enzymes produced will catalyse the cell membrane of cells and allows the newly produced viruses to be released into the extracellular environment6. This process of replication is also the way in which viruses adapt to their environments another component of being classed ‘alive’ because they

Viruses are microscopic particles that invade and take over both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. They consist of two structures, which are the nucleic acid and capsid. The nucleic acid contains all genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA, and is enclosed in the capsid, which is the protein coating that helps the virus attach to and penetrate the host cell. In some cases, certain viruses have a membrane surrounding the capsid, called an envelope. This structure allows viruses to become more stealthy and protected. There are two cycles in which a virus can go into: lytic and lysogenic. The lytic cycle consists of the virus attaching to a cell, injecting its DNA, and creating more viruses, which proceed to destroy the host. On the other hand, the lysogenic cycle includes the virus attaching to the cell, injecting its DNA, which combines with the cell’s DNA in order for it to become provirus. Then, the provirus DNA may eventually switch to the lytic cycle and destroy the host.

When we hear the word virus, we usually think of something that makes us sick. A virus is an ultramicroscopic infectious organism that, having no independent metabolic activity, can replicate only within a cell of another host organism. A virus consists of a core of nucleic acid, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a coating of antigenic protein and sometimes a lipid layer surrounds it as well. The viral genome provides the genetic code for replication, and the host cell provides the necessary energy and raw materials. To fight viruses, we use vaccines. While some may infect a broad range, other viruses can only infect certain kinds of cells. Vaccines are made of inactive, dead or weakened virus cells or protein antigens that can no longer infect

Antigens are substances that provoke an immune response (they're the ultimate target for the immune system). Antibodies are simply proteins that are secreted as a result of the antigen provoked immune response. In short, antigens cause the disease and

Innate immune responses are known as the non-specific manner which composes the cells and defend the host from infection by other organism by mechanism. The adaptive immunity represents the antigen-specific immune response. Compare to innate immune response, adaptive response is more complex. In adaptive response the antigen needs to be recognised and processed. The adaptive immune system creates immune

This little package of mayhem consists of relatively few parts. A virus is simply a protein capsule called a capsid, sometimes surrounded by an envelope, containing a genome. The genome consists of nucleic acids arranged as DNA or less commonly, RNA. Dozens of variants of this fundamental arrangement exist with differences in the structure of the capsule and the arrangement of the genome. Small differences or changes in these components allow some viruses to continue to outmaneuver researchers, while millions of dollars are spent trying to understand and eliminate them.

A retrovirus infects a cell by connecting itself and then fusing with the host cell. Once it is connected and fused, a retrovirus can transform its RNA into DNA supporting the reproduction of it, also known as reverse transcription (College, 2013). After reproduction happens, all the new mutated cells leave the host cell to start this process all over within other healthy cells in the body (College, 2013).

The biological significance of this article is due in part to the fact that viruses are being considered as partway-living things. Even though they are only halfway living, per se, they are still an important part of the study of living things because of the unique way in which they “live” and continue to reproduce by taking advantage of host cells. The information in this article relates to biologists in that viruses provide an entirely different element of potential life, as they are a cause for reconsideration when it comes to defining and determining life and non-life forms. This

The HIV-1 virion is approximately 120 nm in diameter, roughly spherical, and is composed of two copies of a single stranded positive sense RNA enclosed by a capsid (24). The HIV-1 genome is less than 10 kb and encodes for more than nine different gene products. It encodes for 3 major structural protein genes: gag (group-specific antigen), pol (DNA polymerase), and env (Envelope), which code for major structural proteins and essential enzymes. Gag generates the mature Gag protein matrix (MA or p17), capsid (CA or p24), nucleocapsid (NC or p7), and p6, which encompass proteins for the basic infrastructure of the virus such as the inner core of the viral particle (25). Pol encodes for reverse transcriptase (RT), which enables the virus to reproduce, integrase (IN), which is necessary to integrate the viral double stranded DNA into the host genome, RNAse H, and HIV protease, which are all encapsulated in the core of the inner particle formed by the viral capsid protein p24 (25). Env encodes for glycoproteins of the outer membrane such as outer gp120 (which enables the virus to attach and fuse to cells of the host), and transmembrane gp41 that anchors the glycoprotein complex to the surface of the virion (25). Between the core and the envelope is the HIV matrix proteins which are composed of the viral protein p17 (23). HIV-1 also encodes for proteins with important regulatory elements (tat (Trans-Activator of Transcription) and rev