Case Study: The Malheur Occupation

Stegner wants to conserve the untouched land because he fears a world with no silence. He argues for the preservation of Robbers’ Roost country, as an example, “It is a lovely and terrible wilderness, such as wilderness as Christ and the prophets went out into… Save a piece of country like that intact, and it does not matter in the slightest that only a few people every year will go into it. That is precisely its value (Stegner, Wilderness Letter).” Saving the untouched lands, he contends, is a reminder of how uncontrolled the Earth is and how timeless it remains. Others disagree with this viewpoint, one of those people being American forester, Gifford Pinchot. In his writing “The Fight for Conservation,” Pinchot argues that conservation

Karl Jacoby. Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation. Berkley: University of California, 2001.

Wilderness in its true state is lush, sleek, and channels water. It is because of its true natural state that is has the ability to generate billions of dollars into America’s recreational economy. One provident example, is the San Gabriel Wilderness in California. Now of course protecting this land has natural benefits,

In Paul Taylor’s essay, “The Ethics for Respect for Nature,” he argues that… In this paper I will first describe Taylor’s concept of “respect for nature.” I will then explain the part this attitude plays in rationally grounding a biocentric outlook on environmental ethics. Lastly, I will present Rosalind Hursthouse’s criticism of Taylor’s view, and state how Taylor might respond to this criticism.

Aldo Leopold is on the forefather of modern environmentalism. His book, A Sand County Almanac, is based on the notion of viewing land as a community and as a commodity. In the chapter “The Land Ethic”, Leopold invokes a rethinking of our relationships to our world and is based on the principle that ethics are “a process in ecological evolution” (238). Leopold describes the stages of ethic evolving and explains that the rules for socializing were originally defined for human beings. These rules are expanded upon in the next stage of “Ethical Sequence” (237-238), describing how humans interact toward their community. The third stage is the ethics between humans and the land. Upon analyzing “The Land Ethic” I have come to the conclusion that in order to have respect and ethic for land, or anything, one must make a personal connection.

Leopold expresses, “a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopesided,” (p. 251). The self-interest economists who are only interested in the profit of which they gain from the land cannot spread the importance of the respect for the community. The people who share a knowledge and passion for the environment will educate those who are unaware. As well as being educated on the land, it is essential for humanity to understand that we are not users of what Earth has to offer us, but associates,

In his Foreword to Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Seasons of Life and Land, A Photographic Journey, Jimmy Carter effectively convinces his audience that the wilderness of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge should not be developed for industrial purposes. He first appeals to his readers' emotions through a detailed account of his personal experience in the Arctic Refuge. He goes on to refute those pushing for the development of the Arctic Refuge by providing an easy solution to their reason. Finally, he calls his readers to action by saying that we should keep one of America's last great wildernesses intact.

The short story, “The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West,” by John Muir paints a picture of the necessity of human interaction with the wilderness. In his story Muir pleads with his audience to gain more appreciation of nature and to understand their impact on it by using religion, pathos, and imagery.

Wilderness is beautiful gift that was given to us when the world was made. But, nowadays it seems to be people do not care about it. Have you ever thought about wilderness? Do you know who cares about nature? Do you want to help conserve it? Have you ever wonder why there are laws to protect the wilderness? This essay will inform of who has protected the wilderness, to who was directed the article, and to inform of the major problem of world.

Peirce F. Lewis’s “Axioms for Reading the Landscape” focuses on how to read and understand landscapes through a set of rules which he calls “axioms.” In the “Geographic (or Ecological) Axiom,” Lewis (1979, 24) argues that studying a landscape outside its location makes no sense in gaining cultural insight on the landscape. Don Mitchell (2007, 43) in “New Axioms for the Landscape,” presents the idea that the shape of the land provides direction to its social life. Carrie Breitbach’s (2009) “The Geographies of a More Just Food System: Building Landscapes for Social Reproduction” revolves around the idea of bringing justice to the food system by rectifying landscape and social reproduction as a solution in South Dakota. Lewis’s and Mitchell’s

Rikoon, J. 2014. “Wild Horses and the Political Ecology of Natural Restoration in the Missouri Ozarks” Pp. 153-166 in Environmental Sociology: From Analysis to Action, edited by D. McCarthy Auriffeille and L. King. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Particularly in conflict situations where there are indigenous activists and stakeholders there are often profound differences in belief and ways of viewing the conflict situation by virtue of different cosmologies and schemas for relating to the natural world. Similarly, under these conditions the barriers to conciliation based on a history of oppression and exploitation must be respected and strategies for facilitating productive dialogue would need to be established. In order to address some of the ways in which the law, environment and the rights of First Nations people intersect, it is essential to begin by examining the colonial mindset and to contrast this framework with the attitudes towards and ways of interacting with the natural

The purpose of this article is to tell people we have to protect our wilderness.

This book brings up scenes of essentially mass genocide of bison communities, this acts as a perfect catalyst for discussion about things like industrial hunting that was present at the time of the book's setting and its impact on the natural land. The topic of a human-environment relationship is an interesting one, it seems as though our relationship throughout the years has been a rather troubling one, we systematically destroy mass section of the environment while at the same time expecting it to survive through to continue serving us. In context to the book this relates to the industrialization on the west, with systematic hunts rapidly thinning buffalo population and the new railroads carving up buffalo country the environment begins to fail.

“The Land Ethic” written by Aldo Leopold was critiqued by J. Baird Callicott. “The Land Ethic” in short explained the idea that humans are not superior to animals or species on earth, but humans should live on earth as simple members. (Leopold, 2013) Callicott found three things that lead to the confusion, contempt, and contempt of Leopold’s writings.