Hypokalemia Case Study Essay

A. An autoimmune disease is a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the body’s own cells and organs.

A complement dependent reaction of type II hypersensitivity is an antibody directed against antigen on the cell or

A vaccine is a weak or inactive form of a pathogen (something that causes disease). When the vaccine is injected into a person, it stimulates the production of antibodies to destroy the vaccine. Certain cells remember how to produce the

Aka. Immunoglobulin is a large Y-shaped protein. Made by the immune system to recognize and fight against bacteria, viruses, and other antigens. Antibodies attach themselves to these substances and neutralize or get rid them. Antibodies are made specifically by special white blood cells - B cells.

My client Mrs. Jones has hypokalemia with a serum potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L. I discuss with Mrs. Jones that eating bananas is a start to fixing her low potassium levels, but she is borderline mild to moderate for her potassium levels. Her water pill is a contributing factor in the loss of potassium from her system and just eating more foods with potassium in them will not get her levels back up to normal. I also explain to her that letting her potassium levels drop any lower can be dangerous for her health especially her heart.

Autoimmunity is the failure of the body’s defence system in recognizing its own constituent parts as self, as a result of which an immune response is generated against its own cells and tissues.

When an antigen is detected, several types of cells work together to recognize and respond to it. These cells trigger the B cells to produce antibodies. Antibodies and their responding antigens fit together like a key and a lock. Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they are not capable of destroying it without help. That is the job of the specific T cells, also called “killer cells”. The T cells are part of the system that destroys antigens that have been tagged by antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. T cells are also involved in helping signal other cells of the immune system to do their jobs.

A perception of mountain people, who are often denigrated and ostracized for their dissimilarities compared to the more modern civilizations, is that they lack cultural progressiveness and in most cases are running backwards from the growing economic and social municipalities of the world. For one thing, mountain people live in high altitudes that lack the necessary infrastructure for development and most importantly, they live away from capitals and major cities. Therefore, they are isolated from their capital’s political and economic affairs. Due to this isolation, most mountain people presume that their nation’s government is a part of a separate entity that has no relation to them. In other words, they believe that the government is selfish and doesn’t care about their needs for survival, therefore they must flourish on their own. Therefore, the mountain people adhere to their own cultural and traditional ways of life and in most cases are

Hypotonia is decreased muscle tone. Muscle tone is the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle while at rest. Muscle tone is different from muscle strength, which is how much force a muscle can apply. Often, a person with hypotonia will also have weak muscles. Hypotonic infants are referred to as “floppy” infants because of their abnormally limp bodies and lack of control over their movements.

OHS or Obesity Hypo ventilation Syndrome is a type of breathing disorder which makes an obese guy uncomfortable to inhale the air. Patients who have excess fat in their bodies are found facing problems to breathe fresh air. The availability of oxygen in the blood is low and the level of carbon dioxide is comparatively high. Advanced OHS management programs are surprisingly effective to enable obese patients to steer clear of side-effect of OHS.

The immune system is the body defense mechanism against diseases. Through its different components, the immune system can detect a wide range of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites, bacteria and strange organisms. It has the power and the intelligence to distinguish those microorganisms from the self-healthy tissues; recognize them and eliminate them to protect the body from their harmful effects. However, in some instances, the immune system reacts against self-cells as in autoimmune diseases.

Acive specific resistance are the B ad T cells that recognize a foreign antigen and attack it.

An antibody is defined as a large, Y-shaped protein that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Antibodies are produced and released in the body as a result of antigen stimulation. They are specific to the antigen that stimulated their production. An antigen is thought to be any foreign substance that enters the body and elicits an immune response. The reaction between the two is detected as hemagglutination or hemolysis. The ABO antigens are typically expressed on the surface of the red blood cells and nearly all tissue surfaces. In comparison the Rh antigens are expressed exclusively in red blood cell. When the antigens enter the body, they are recognized by specific antibodies.

In a healthy human body, self-antigens are in a state of tolerance, or are balanced in the body’s immune system (McCance & Huether, 2014). Central tolerance begins when a fetus is developing. Peripheral tolerance is maintained by

For the immune system to able to keep us healthy it needs to be able to recognise what is a danger to our body and therefore needs to be removed, and what is safe. Proteins are used to do this. Pathogens have proteins on their surface called antigens, which activate the immune system. Our own cells also have surface proteins which the immune system recognises as part of the body and therefore doesn’t attack. (1)