Catalytic Hydration

Oil Pollution in Earth’s oceans is a tremendous problem the environment, organisms, and humans are facing today. Pollution from petroleum products are extremely toxic to many marine organisms, including microorganisms that are the support of the aquatic food chain. Oil is a substance that can disperse under and across the surface of water for thousands of meters. Shorelines are left covered with this oil and it can be hard to remove (Friedland). The United States depends enormously on oil. On average, the United States uses 793 million gallons of oil per day, with a cost of $2 billion dollars each day. It is the world’s biggest oil consumer. The combined oil consumption of Japan, Russia, China, and India are far way less than that of the U.S (“The Great Invisible Discussion Guide”). Burning oil produces a big amount of greenhouse gases. It is “the largest single fuel of greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S” (“The Great Invisible Discussion Guide”). Having dependence on oil can have significant costs, including an increased risk of oil spills. One of the biggest oil leaks occurred in 2010. It happened in an offshore platform on a BP operation in the Gulf of Mexico (Friedland).

On April 20th 2010 an explosion on an oil ridge of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, was the cause of the greatest environmental disaster in history of the United States. This explosion took the lives of eleven men who were working on the ridge, and also ruptured an oil line, which dumped more than 4.9 million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This oil spill significantly affected the wildlife of the gulf coast, killing hundreds of fishes, birds, and reptile that call the gulf coast home. The spill also affected global supply chain for major industries.

They also claimed that upset emission are getting worse. They suggest that refineries should upgrade their equipment and hire more workers to prevent accidents. The Bucket Brigade highlighted the Exxon Mobil Complex in Baton Rouge. It was caused by leaking bleeder valve Tank 801. There was about ten pounds of benzene released at 5am on June 14, 2012. There were iWitness pollution may detailing strong odors of burnt tar. The benzene is known to cause cancer in humans.

One of the most recognized disasters regarding hazardous chemicals is the wreck of the infamous Exxon Valdez. After the oil tanker ran aground on Bligh reef in the spring of 1989, millions of liters of crude oil leaked into the Prince William Sound, off the coast of Northern Alaska causing millions of the native wildlife to die. Thankfully, it didn’t seep into the open ocean but the oil harmed not only the local Alaskan wildlife it also harmed the reputation and honesty of big oil corporations such as the Exxon shipping company, the livelihoods of thousands of the local fishermen and the water quality of the Prince William Sound. The Exxon Valdez

Unconventional oil and gas operations mix directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing, or 'fracking,' to unleash fossil fuel and oil from underground rock. Studies have targeted on potential pollution from this method that will increase endocrine disrupting chemicals in surface and ground water. Now, researchers report high levels of EDC activity within the surface water close to a hydraulic fracturing wastewater disposal facility in West Virginia. A question has risen whether there is an increased risk of diseases for the populations living near these operations. A warning has been given by the scientists

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was one of the most infamous industrial environmental disasters ever. On April 20, 2010, a marine oil-drilling dig called the Deepwater Horizon exploded, releasing hundreds of millions of gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico. This explosion resulted in the loss of human life, massive environmental damage, and widespread damage to the livelihood of people living along the Gulf Coast. The organization with the largest share in the oil drill, BP (Beyond Petroleum), is still facing consequences of this spill and lost millions of dollars as well as national support. The Obama administration also received criticism

Immediately after the explosion, workers from Transocean, BP, and the government attempted to control the spread of oil to the coast by using oil booms and chemical dispersants to break down underwater oil. However, these methods had problems. First, oil booms only stop the spread of surface oil. While that sounds good, lots of the oil was beneath the surface and the booms did nothing to stop the spread of this oil. Second, the chemical dispersants used to break down the underwater oil could be just as harmful to marine life as the oil was. Over 1.84 million gallons of Corexit dispersant were used in the Gulf. Use of the dispersant was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact". Despite these claims, an analysis conducted by Toxipedia showed that the dispersant could contain cancer-causing agents, hazardous toxins and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Scientists were concerned that the dispersants made a spill even more toxic, increasing the danger to wildlife. The dangers are even greater when poured into the source of a spill, because they are picked up by the current and washed through the Gulf.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill has been recognized as the one of the worst environmental disasters, if not the worst, in U.S. history. On April 20, 2010, an offshore oil rig leased by British Petroleum’s (BP) in the Gulf of Mexico exploded in a ball of flames on, killing 11 employees. While much of the nation was riveted by the attempts to cap the mile-deep well, the hidden tragedy was the cloud of tens of millions of barrels oil that was slowly creeping toward land. BP and others would work for over a year to clean up the beaches and wetlands affected by the spilled oil. The impact of this was felt by costal wildlife and those who made their business working in the Gulf and along the shore.

The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, also referred to as the BP oil spill, began on April 20th, 2010, with an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon Macondo oil well drilling platform. This spill is regarded as the largest marine oil spill in U.S. history. More than 200 million gallons of crude oil was pumped into the Gulf of Mexico for a total of 87 days. The accident was caused by a well integrity failure (“Deepwater Horizon Accident”) and a loss of hydrostatic control of the well. The oil that was released, nicknamed ‘Louisiana light, sweet crude’, was mixed with natural gas. Fortunately, natural gas is a mixture primarily of methane, with varying amounts of higher alkanes, which is easier for microbes to degrade. The spilled hydrocarbons are made up of over 150 different molecules.

The Deepwater Horizon spill occurred on 20 April 2010 and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig that killed 11 workers and injured 17 more. The drilling rig, located 66 kilometers southeast of the Louisiana coast, left an oil gusher that was finally capped on July 15, almost 2 months later. This was the largest accidental marine oil spill in history and the largest offshore environmental disaster in the United States (Telegraph, New York Times, BBC News). It is estimated by scientists that over 4.9 million barrels of oil were released into the ocean, about half of the crude oil the U.S. imports each day and worth $400 million (Popular Mechanics, CBC News). About 1070 kilometers of coastline were contaminated.

The Bp spill in the Gulf of Mexico is considered to be one of the biggest oil spill disasters. The Bp oil spill affect many people and the environment. The oil spill was an oil disaster and globally financial disaster, and it had a negative impact on the sea and the oceans around it. the oil spread everywhere, and it affected every living animals that came in contact with it. However, many tries were made to try to stop the leak, but all failed until the leak was declared officially closed by the us government. According to the “BP and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster of 2010” states that “the Deepwater Horizon, 17 were injured, including Williams, and 11 were killed. The rig burned for 36 hours, combusting the 700,000 gallons of oil that were

The Deep Horizon oil spill caused by British Petroleum (BP) changed the entire economy of the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 5 million barrels of oils was released from the spill caused by an explosion in the oil platform. The explosion was caused by negligence by BP. In the New York Times article, BP Shortcuts Led to Gulf Oil Spill, Report Says, it states the central problem was with the cement at the base of the well escalating into human and mechanical errors which led to gas to shooting up to the platform and exploding causing a fire that killed 11 people. It took about 87 days to stop the flow of the well but the mess of the event is still affecting many people who inhabit the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and those who use the Gulf as a

The e Deepwater Horizon oil spill at the Macondo well began on April 20, 2010, in the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig on 20 April 2010 killed 11 people and caused almost 5 million barrels of oil to flow into the Gulf of Mexico. The spill covered 68,000 square miles of land and sea and triggered a response effort involving the use of nearly 2 million gallons of dispersant chemicals (Pallardy). Considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in history, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS) resulted in widespread environmental and economic damage, the exact nature of which is only beginning to be understood (Shultz 59). This paper will address the causes of this unmitigated ecological disaster and discuss steps that need to be taken to prevent a similar disaster from occurring again.

On the night of April 20, 2010, British Petroleum’s (BP) Deepwater Horizon oil rig, located 45 miles off the coast of Venice, Louisiana, in the Gulf of Mexico exploded and caught fire, resulting in the deaths of eleven workers and others injured. The rig sank on the morning of April 22nd, and on April 23rd crews discovered oil leaking from the well’s rise and drill pipe. An estimated 206 million gallons of oil flooded into the Gulf of Mexico. More than 8,000 birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals were found injured or dead in the result of the oil spill (BP).

Deepwater Horizon oil Spill: BP’s drilling platform in the Gulf of Mexico had an explosion in April 2010, causing the “largest oil spill catastrophe in the petroleum industry history”. It caused the death of 11 men and injury to several others. “More than 150,000 barrels of crude oil gushed into the sea, every day, for almost 5 months and up to 68,000 square miles of the Gulf 's surface were covered” (1).