Cause And Effect Of Plant Disease

The ancient forests of the Northeast aren’t the only aspect of the bioregion that’s fate have been at perpetual risk since the early settlement of Europeans. There is no question that forests still dominate the landscape of Northeastern region accounting for “60% of the total land area, and in New England alone, the coverage is 80%”. Still the species that exist within the understory of the forests have undergone an equally dramatic transformation because of human interaction with the land and the harvest of its resources. Some species in the understory of the mixed forests of the Northeast have been driven out of the region, are under intense ecological pressure, are on the brink of extinction, or have already gone extinct in the region. Perhaps one of the most harmful and impactful effects colonization of the Northeast has had on the resources of the land is the introduction of non-native species and diseases into the region. Over time the overall makeup of the forests have changed drastically as an example, “…the American chestnut once made up as much as 25% of the trees in some areas and was economically the most important hardwood in the Eastern forests”. The introduction of chestnut blight at the turn of the century accounts for

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

se that is endemic to the southwest United States (California, Arizona, Utah, Texas, Nevada, and New Mexico), Mexico, Central America, and South America [1]. Disease infection results from inhaling the spores from soil fungus Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii [1]. The two fungi are located in separate regional locations, however, studies have shown that they are relatively identical and manifest the disease in the same way. Calling home in arid, desert areas, Coccidioidomycosis spores are found in lower elevations, 4 inches or more under sandy soil. They are endemic in areas with less than 20 inches of rain per year [1]. The most common opportunity to become infected is when the soil is disrupted by construction, entertainment

The black plague was a disaster because an amount of 25 million people had died. It was a tragedy because way back then they didn't have medicines or treatments for it. In just a few months over 60% of France's population died from the plague, and possibly the same amount of people in Siena. The Black Death was an Epidemic of bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulated among wild rodents where they live in a great number and density. The plague among humans arises when rodents such as black rats come into contact with human habitations become infected. The rats normally like to live close to people, which is the reason why it makes it as dangerous. They can contaminate anything and everything which caused the break out of people's death, they were brought to Europe and Spain from the boats and ships that loaded the docs.

The author argues that cedar bark beetle which is a species of insect parasites endanger the yellow cedar. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that the yellow cedar is much more resistance to insects than other species trees due to its bark releases a powerful chemical poison which is fatal, so insects are killed by attacking to bark.

The book entitled, “Ecology of Weeds and Invasive Plants”, opens with a quote from Dr. A. S. Crafts saying, “in the beginning there were no weeds.”. This quote causes one to stop and think about it. What Dr. Crafts meant by this quote was that even though plants have existed for many years, weeds did not exist before humans began to travel about. With all the traveling that humans do the problem of invasive plants has grown tremendously (Radosevich, 1). The impact that invasive species have on the environment is often overlooked or thought of as unimportant. The issue is vast, yet little is done about it. The problem with invasive species is extremely important and will impact the world for generations to come. This paper will explain what invasive species are, show the negative impacts invasive species have on the environment, and what we can do about this issue.

Perhaps the most famous is the Black Death, which was the first well-documented pandemic, caused by Y. pestis. Debate about the effects of the disease have been proposed. Different accounts of the plague showed different effects in different areas, the most well known being the European death, decimating the population. It was obvious that even in the fourteenth century, some people open to science were on the right track to unravelling the mystery surrounding the death of about half of Europe, plus those to the east. Creating the big picture of not only the effects, but the causes of the cases around the continents as well, have been foggy. Although the interpretation of this horrible occurrence has changed, seeing the cultural and health improvements and hindrances that can be made has helped prevent another catastrophe of this

Many forests are dying and that can have a major effect on plants and humans. Forests are dying off because of droughts, deforestation and invasive species. Dying forests can also alter global climate and change how much sunlight is being absorbed in the different hemispheres. Western North American forests are suffering because of the drought while humans are affecting southwestern forests. The removal of forests has different impacts on different parts of the world. In some places, it is a good thing while in other places it is bad. Scientists are trying figure out where and how the surrounding plants are affected negatively and positively.

There are many reasons why this is an issue that is threatening others. Firstly, French broom kills off other plants and animals, which is the reason that a great deal of species are dying. French broom also sucks out all the nutrients from the soil, which is harmful for other species of plants that are struggling to grow. However, French broom is a threat not just to plants and animals, but to humans as well. For instance, it can cause wildfires by overcrowding and drying out the area. These invasive plants can also affect the climate of certain areas, which is a factor causing global warming and temperature

In the 1900's, the Chinese chestnut introduced a blight that was fatal to the American chestnuts. Those grand old trees disappeared from our forests and landscapes. While everyone decried their loss, few believed anything would bring the tree back. Thank God for those few stubborn believers!

Rats, termites, squirrels, weeds, and dandelions. These are the vermins and poisons that invade our lives and that we want no part of. But, all these “vermins and poisons” are there to survive like us. Like us, these aggressors have to adapt and strengthen themselves against the toxin used to drive them away.

Pinus taeda was only a minor component (2.2 million hectares) of hardwood dominated Piedmont forest before European settlement in the U.S. (before the 1800’s). These forests were converted into agricultural lands (especially cotton farming) after European settlement. However, the introduction of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman) impacted growing cotton industry and piedmont and coastal plains in the south remained unused. Abandoned land with eroded soil created a favorable condition for the spread of the light-seeded P. taeda trees resulting in the widespread growth of pure P. taeda stand (Schultz, 1997). Fire control programs conducted in the early 1900s further favored those stands. Furthermore, P. taeda stands expanded

Cryphonectria parasitica, a filamentous, ascomycete fungus, is the causal agent of the chestnut blight5,14 which was introduced to North America from Japan circa 190412,14.The chestnut blight infects all members of the Castanea family14, and some members of the genus Quercus though C. parasitica infections are superficial14. A C. parasitica infection typically begins at a branch node or wound in the tree’s bark 14. Once a spore has entered the tree, hyphal growth begins14. When the fungi’s hyphae reach the cambium, the xylem and phloem are blocked, cutting off the transport of water and nutrients and a sunken canker is formed14. Eventually, the lack of water and nutrients kills the tree above the point of infection14. As a fungus, C.

Genetically Modified insect resistant crops produce the toxic substances as a results it effect non-target organism and entire ecosystem. Biodiversity has significant role to balance environment as biodiversity decreases interaction between species decrease and ecosystem and food chain affect adversely. Some weeds are source of food for

(Jones, 1914) “It required the plague of the potato disease and the example of the Irish famine finally to focus attention upon the fundamental problem ‑ the relation of the mildew to the sick potato plant, of the smut and rust fungi to the infected grain ‑ the problem of parasitism." From 1846- 1850 Ireland population was dropped by 25% because of blighting potato had spread. That coasted Ireland in 1846, £3,500,000 because potatoes was one of the essential harvest’s income for the country, Truman, (2013). Thus, plants science has gotten more attention from scientists to struggle any sudden disasters on plants. However, organisms are divided to many kingdoms. All those affected each other’s either negatively or positively. When they affect negatively that cause many diseases. At this situation we called the causes of diseases pathogens. Plants get diseased if three components are existing, that are the host plants, pathogens, and the favorable environment. As a result, to keep the plants healthy we should control those components, (Engelbrecht, 2005). Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and nematodes cause plants diseases.