Cause And Effect On Mothers ' During Pregnancy

For most women the period of growing bellies and growing anticipations is a joyful and exciting time and for others this time may harbor doubt, fear, and depression. “As many as 1 out of 5 women have symptoms of depression during pregnancy. For some women, those symptoms are severe. In pregnancy, women who have been depressed before are at higher risk of depression than other women” (“Pregnancy complication: depression,” 2009). “Depression during pregnancy, or antepartum depression, is a mood disorder just like clinical depression. Mood disorders are biological illnesses that involve changes in brain chemistry. During

A second suggested activity during pregnancy could be for the pregnant woman to take care of herself psychologically and emotionally, to ensure that she is not too stressed or experiencing anxiety. Regular relaxation could be advised by taking up yoga and meditation. Too much prenatal stress can have negative developmental implications for the child later in life. Research has indicated that when mothers-to-be have high levels of pregnancy-specific anxiety, their offspring were significantly more likely to show lower inhibitory control among girls, and lower visuospatial working memory performance among girls and boys (Buss et al., 2011).

During pregnancy, there are some factors beyond the mother’s control which can have negative significances for the fetus. Maternal stress occurs when the mother is exposed to psychosocial stressors during pregnancy (Kramer et al, 2009). The mother could also develop depression during or after her pregnancy. This mental illness affects the mother’s ability to function and cope with everyday life (NIHCM, 2010), thus affecting her relationship with her baby. Recent research evidence has highlighted that there is some overlap between the symptoms of maternal depression and stress (Cheng & Pickler, 2014), and that these play a role in affecting the normal development of the fetus. However, other research has indicated that stress and depression do not harm the fetus, and in fact can be developmentally beneficial (DiPetro, 2004). In this essay, a number of symptoms of maternal stress and depression shall be addressed, and the extent to which they affect the developing fetus. First to be discussed is how the emotional stability of the mother may affect the relationship she has with her baby.

I totally agree with you about having a stress pregnancy. Unfortunately that is not the real world that we live in. Pregnancy is a wonderful and joyous time, but can also be filled with doubt and anxiety. There are a number of circumstances that can lead to stress while you are pregnant, including fluctuating hormone levels, uncertainty about the future, physical discomfort, or a preexisting mental disorder. However, Stress is not all bad. When you handle it right, a little stress can help you take on new challenges. How do you treat stress naturally during pregnancy?

The independent variable in this study is the home-based antenatal and postnatal exercise program. The dependent variable will be decreased depression and fatigue.

The nine months of pregnancy are the most important in a woman's life. Changing your lifestyle to a healthier one is important because the unborn child's health relies heavily on what the mother consumes and does. Every aspect of the baby from the food it eats, to growth and development are all dependent on the mother. This implies that to avoid any risk in the growth and development of the foetus; the mother-to-be needs to change to a healthier lifestyle,

Stress is a common issue that all people of all different backgrounds experience, weather it is environmental, situational, or family related it can happen to anyone. However, stress in pregnant women can be a health hazard for both the mother and the unborn baby. The baby can be born premature, have many organ developmental issues, and the mother can suffer from many complications as well. The connection

A BMI over 30kg/m2 in the early stage of pregnancy is identified as one of the risk factors for development of childhood obesity. Knowing those, could help to identify children who are in need of early obesity prevention efforts. Maternal obesity in early pregnancy, more than doubles the risk of childhood obesity, especially among low-income families (R.Whitaker,2004). Nowadays, are twice as many obese children as there were 20 years ago. To slower

Gestational diabetes is also known to increase the risk of caesarean delivery in expecting mothers, due to the larger birth weights of infants born to these mothers. The rate of cesarean sections in the United States is at an all time high, as professor Martin discussed in lecture. Best outcomes estimate that an average of 5-10% of births should result in c-sections, yet as a country we are between double and triple that rate (Martin, 2015, Lecture #1). Recent studies have shown that exercise can lower the risk of having cesarean sections. In a study titled Exercise during pregnancy and gestational diabetes-related adverse effects: a randomized controlled trial, researchers took it upon themselves to examine the effects of exercise on

In a recent meta-analysis of 28 articles regarding depression during pregnancy, Gavin et al. found that up to 13% of women experience depressive episodes at some point during pregnancy or within the first year postpartum. The prenatal period is a very important time for the growth of the offspring, therefore a range of exposures can have long-term changes. Not only will it have immediate effects on the fetus, the impact of a woman’s mental state has been found to have lasting effects up to childhood and adolescence (Kinsella, 2013). The mental state of the mother causes a chain of hormones to be released if stressed. Once a mother is stressed, the fetus activities decrease and are less responsive to stimulants. Due to stress hormones, the fetuses have low birth weight and are at a higher risk of preterm delivery. Prenatal depression has been noted to be able to predict the likelihood of postpartum depression from hormones such as low dopamine. Depression during pregnancy negatively affects the development of offspring.

Over the years, maternal obesity has relatively emerged as a great challenge in maternity care. A number of evidence-based studies that were conducted had showed strong links between obesity and poor outcomes of pregnancy (Flick & Artal 2013). The current scientific knowledge on maternal obesity was the focus and implication for nursing practice was considered. A similarity found in the journals studied is that they are all agreeing in one general fact; maternal obesity is a major public health issue nowadays, not only in Australia but also in other countries and it has great implications throughout the antenatal period both for the mothers and their babies (Adamo et. al 2013; Flick & Artal 2013; Keely et al. 2011; Slavin, 2013; Vaswani & Balachandran 2013). They

2006), potentially due to an increased maternal nutrient availability of lipid that alters fetal growth. The outcome is mainly subjected to the high percentage of body fat rather than lean body mass. This excess weight gain during birth predicts the potential of overweight during childhood, which increases the risk of adolescent obesity. This finding is consistent with many cohort studies, which also indicate a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, high serum triglyceride and fatty acid levels in offspring leading to the relative high body mass, resulting in a strong association between maternal BMI and childhood BMI (Gaillard et al. 2014 & Cianni et al. 2005). However, the outcome may partly be associated with lifestyle and genetic factors.

The article I found most interesting was, Prescribing in pregnancy: Effects on the fetus. This article focused on Teratogens, specifically medications, and how they can impact an unborn fetus. The article made it clear that completely avoiding medications during pregnancy is not always possible. When medications must be consumed, it is important for the consumer to understand the possible risks for the fetus.

Prenatal exposure to stress impairs biopsychosocial functioning of the infant with possible lifelong effects. During periods of maternal stress exposure, hormones pass through the placenta and fetal stress hormones mirror those hormones of the mother (Parke & Gauvain, 2009). These hormones can negatively impact the neurodevelopment of the fetus and lead to disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and language delays (Talge, Neal & Glover, 2007). Exposure to stress hormones can also lead to difficult temperament and decreased stress responsiveness (Parke & Gauvain, 2009). Difficult babies often receive less contact from caregivers, and this lack of contact can hinder brain development in both emotional

Depression, and other stressful feelings such as anxiety during prenatal period can be proved harmful to the mother, fetus and the expectant newborn's health. It is essential to investigate the incidence and risk factors for antenatal depression during pregnancy in order to implement interventions for reducing depressive symptomatology levels. Health care professionals must enhance the implementation of interventions and counseling services for decreasing the levels of trait anxiety and improving the marital relationships during pregnancy. Interventions such as relaxation techniques, stress management, couple counseling, and group therapies can play a positive role in