Causes And Disadvantages Of Lipoproteins

Smoking is a major cause of coronary heart disease. A year after leaving, the risk of an attack to the heart falls to approximately the half of a smoker.

To set up a case –control study of the link between smoking and elevated cholesterol levels, I would start by finding a group of people infected with the disease and a group of people without the disease. The groups would be the same age and gender. They would both be examined while going through daily life as usual, and then with changes implemented such as the smokers stopping for a day, or the unaffected group being exposed to the smoke and then tested for higher cholesterol levels.

Active smoking and disease relationship was first studied as case-control studies in Germany during 1939 and 1943which revealed a strong association between active smoking and lung cancer [1]. After that large number of studies were conducted which established relationship of tobacco smoke with

The consumption of cigarettes negatively impact the health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed. In this section we will focus in the negative heath effects of consumption in smokers. The consequences of tobacco consumption to the health appeared in the early twentieth century. there are published thousands of articles and reviews of this theme and show us that smoking is related with alterations in all organs and systems.

In a study conducted in 1985 observing primates, it was determined that the major effect of dietary cholesterol is its LDL raising effects. High intakes of cholesterol increase the number of circulating LDL’s and it can also change its size and composition. [12] It was during this time period that the mechanisms by which SFA are thought to increase blood cholesterol concentrations came about. One mechanism for the increase in LDL cholesterol levels is the suppression of LDL receptor activity. Studies in tissue cultures have shown that increasing the cholesterol content of a cell will down-regulate synthesis of LDL receptors. [13] This will lead to an increase in concentration of blood cholesterol. Another cause for an increase in blood cholesterol concentration through intake of dietary SFA is the composition of the newly secreted lipoproteins. With a high saturated fat intake, the LDL’s become rich in cholesterol esters, leaving the triglycerides in the blood. [14] The use of non-human primates in

Exercising helps eliminate all the extra fat and waste that surrounds the heart. Also quitting smoking avails the whole body, especially the heart. Smoking cigarettes causes about 1 in every 5 deaths in the United States each year. (National Institutes of Health). Tobacco has many chemicals that harm the organs in the body. It also damages the blood vessels, which increases the risk of atherosclerosis (Smoking & Cardiovascular Disease (Heart Disease)). The carbon dioxide that is coming from the cigarette binds to the hemoglobin, a substance that is found in red blood cells, preventing the blood from carrying a full load of oxygen that is needed to sustain the body. Making it harder to breath and stressing the heart. Smoking also damages the heart vessels, which affects how well the blood flows around the body making the heart work more. For some people, such as women who use birth control pills and people who have diabetes, smoking poses an even greater risk to the heart and blood vessels. Cigarettes have nicotine in them which produce adrenaline, therefore causing the heart to work harder and gaining a high blood pressure and rate

High cholesterol is one of the most common diseases that occur in today's society. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 71 million American adults have high LDL "bad" cholesterol. When cholesterol levels are normal, they normally do not harm the body since cholesterol can be beneficial to the body. However, if excess amounts of cholesterol are in the body, it can become a threat. "Cholesterol is a waxy substance that plays an important role in building cell membranes and sex hormones" (Overview). The certain types of food you consume on a daily basis may affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. There are two types of cholesterol, which is your HDL (high density lipoprotein), "good", cholesterol, and your LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the "bad" cholesterol. It is critical that an individual maintains his or her cholesterol levels because he or she can increase their risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs are known to carry cholesterol into your arteries and clog them, which can cause strokes and heart attacks. On the other hand, HDL, help eliminate cholesterol from the arterial vessels and transport it to the liver, which is then defecated with body waste. According to Sroda, an individual's total cholesterol should be less than 200, LDL levels should be less than 130,

Tobacco use is an important contributor to PAD, as smoking promotes atherosclerotic changes in the endothelium of blood vessels. Almost 90% of patients diagnosed with PAD are current or former smokers; smokers’ risk of PAD is positively correlated with the number of cigarettes they smoked each day, and the number of years they smoked for.1

In 1996 Morens and his group reviewed various epidemiological reports associating cigarette smoking and PD(28,43-45). They found variant biases in the 46 articles they reviewed including selective mortality, cause-and-effect, and smoking-associated symptoms. In addition, the authors underlined that the negative association was due to a direct chemical protective effect of smoking. This crucial review provided strong evidence for the hypothesis on the negative association with PD and revealed the need for direct animal studies.

Chronic diseases are multi-causal and complex diseases; no single factor is responsible for its causes (WHO, 2015). Poor lifestyle behaviors like poor diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol and tobacco use are significant contributors in the development and progression of chronic diseases (Steyn, K., & Damasceno, A., 2006; Golubic, M., 2013). The continuity of these poor lifestyle behaviors throughout a person life can give rise to various chronic conditions such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, overweight, obesity. These chronic conditions if not treated and managed at time can lead to chronic diseases (Golubic, M., 2013).The amounts of evidence have shown that tobacco use in any form such as cigarrate smoking and chewing tobacco is associated with increase in the rates of hospitalization, complications, and mortality due to lung cancer (71%), chronic respiratory diseases (42%), heart diseases (10%), and various other types of cancers such as lip cancer, cancer of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, lungs, uterus, cervix, bladder, and kidney cancer (Boffetta, P., & Straif, K., 200 9; Lind et al., 2010).

systemic and ocular vascular diseases is cigarette smoking1. It is known that smoking is especially associated with

Lack of exercise: People who do not exercise will more likely have higher cholesterol than people who incorporate exercise into their lifestyle. Additionally sedentary people will tend to have lower amounts of the good cholesterol, HDL, as well. Part of a healthy lifestyle incorporates a regular exercise program. Find exercise that you enjoy doing and try to commit to exercising three to five times weekly for a minimum of 30 minutes. Medical Conditions: There are certain medical conditions that tend to create higher cholesterol in the body. These include diseases such as diabetes, kidney and liver

Cigarette smokers are two to four times more likely to develop coronary heart disease than non-smokers, and tobacco use doubles risk for stroke. It also causes reduced circulation by narrowing the blood vessels, and it causes premature wrinkles because it constricts the oxygen and warmth from all parts of the body so the skin ages faster.

As soon as you begin to smoke, you cause immediate health risks. Within one minute of smoking, the heart rate rises significantly, as much as 30% in the first 10 minutes. Nicotine also raises blood pressure. Blood vessels constrict, forcing the heart to work harder. This makes it more difficult for the oxygenated blood to be pumped efficiently to the rest of the body. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke also diminishes the blood's ability to carry oxygen in the blood. It attaches itself to hemoglobin much more easily than oxygen does. Hemoglobin is what carries oxygen in the blood. Also, Smoking decreases HDL, or good cholesterol. It also increases LDL, bad cholesterol. The more

Even brief exposure to secondhand smoke can damage the lining of blood vessels and cause blood platelets to become stickier,