Causes And Timing Of Premature Infants

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2016), preterm birth are the birth that happened before 37 ended weeks of pregnancy and is one of the number reason of newborn deaths and the second prominent cause of deaths in children below five. The preterm babies have chances of an amplified risk of illness, disability and death. In the first weeks, the complications of premature birth may include: breathing problems, heart problems, brain problems, temperature control problems, gastrointestinal problems, blood problems, metabolism problems, immune system problems. Long-term complications includes cerebral palsy, impaired cognitive skills, vision problem, hearing problems, dental problems, behavioral and psychological problems, chronic health issues.

Premature birth is an important public health priority in terms of health of women and infants. Every year an estimated 15 million preterm babies are born and this number is still rising (WHO, 2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and Asian/Pacific islander infants (CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to complications of premature birth (WHO, 2015). Major survivors face lifelong disabilities like learning disabilities, hearing, visual, feeding, digestive, breathing and respiratory problems (CDC, 2015) and low birth weight (March of Dimes, 2014). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm birth is

Infant deaths in the neonatal period are caused by complications arising from preterm births, birth defects, maternal health conditions, complications of labor and delivery, and lack of access to appropriate care at the time of delivery. Infant deaths in the post-neonatal period are driven by sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) (including sudden infant death syndrome [SIDS]), injury, and infection (MMRW, 2013). An increasing proportion of post-neonatal infant deaths occur among infants who were born preterm but survived the neonatal period (Callaghan, 2006). On the other hand there is lesser knowledge of the incidence and etilogy of fetal mortality which according to MacDorman et al, makes fetal mortality an overlooked public health issue. Lee et al, echoed the same idea when they said infant mortality has been the main focus of public health programming while fetal deaths have gone untargeted. However, with the decrease in infant mortality rates there have been recent approaches such as perinatal period of risk analysis framework (PPOR) that highlight the need to include fetal

According to the World Health Organisation [WHO] (2014) pre-term babies are at increased risk of illness, disability and death. It also states that globally 15 million babies are born pre-term and the figures are rising. In England and Wales during 2012 7.3% of live births were pre-term under 37 weeks nearly 85% of all babies born prematurely will have a very low birth weight (Office for National Statistics, 2012). Pre-term birth is associated with respiratory complications and lung disease, long-tern neurological damage and problems with bowel function (Henderson & Macdonald, 2011). Neonatal services provide care to babies who are born prematurely or are ill and require specialist care. It is seen that sixty per cent of infant deaths occur in the neonatal period (DH,

For the past two decades, the limit of gestational viability has been 22-24 weeks (Bhat, Weinberger, & Hanna, 2012). Around 50 years ago, a premature infant born between 22-24 weeks was not considered viable and resuscitation was only considered at 27-28 weeks (Kushchel & Kent, 2011). Medicine and technology advances have improved neonatology drastically and infants are surviving at lower gestational ages. However, many studies show very low survival rates of 22-week neonates and some physician refuse to resuscitate and provide only comfort care. In the NICHD Neonatal Network between 2003 and 2007, infants that were incubated and resuscitated had a 6% survival rate at 22 weeks and a 55% survival rate at 24 weeks (Bhat et al, 2012). Another study followed a hospital for many years were they delivered 85 infants at 22-week

Now, medical advances make it possible for even the most severe premature babies to survive. Preterm babies as young as 22 to 23 weeks gestation can survive, but the costs associated with them is high (Kornhauser & Schneiderman, 2010). The higher cost is attributed to the extended hospital stay of micro preemies in Level 3 NICU (Bird, 2014). Level 3 NICU offers a wide range of neonatal services that include special imaging techniques, advanced ventilation

Prematurity is the primary cause of increasing infants’ serious illnesses and deaths in the United States (CDC, December 2014).Preterm infants are more likely to have developmental delays, impaired cognitive growth, and behavioral problems as compared to their normal counterparts. Also, the expenditure for the care of premature babies is constantly increasing due to their extended stay in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Previous studies have estimated that the Average daily expense of NICU stay is over $ 3000 for each preterm infant (Muraskas& Parsi 2008). The longer the stay, more will be the cost. The length of NICU stay depends upon the gestational age and complications associated with prematurity. The

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also called crib death, is the death without apparent organic cause of an infant under the age of one year (Lerner, 2008). It is very hard to define sudden infant death syndrome because there is no known cause to why this happens to infants. Many argue that the child’s environment may have an impact on SIDS. “The vast majority of reported and published SIDS cases come from countries and continents in the Earth's temperate zones (Kiple, 2003).” In some studies doctors believe the prenatal or lack thereof is the cause. Based on several recent and older studies the cause remains conclusive.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is the most common type of Sudden Unexplainable Infant Death (SUID). It is a complex condition characterized by a set of predisposing factors coupled with biopsychosocial and environmental stressors. The incidence of SIDS is low during the first month of birth – however, associated risks peaks at two to four months, and is likely

Approximately 3,500 US babies pass on all of a sudden and out of the blue every year ("About SUID and SIDS," 2015). We regularly allude to these passing’s as sudden startling newborn child passing’s (SUID). In spite of the fact that the reasons for death in a large portion of these kids can't be clarified, most happen while the newborn child is dozing in a dangerous resting environment. SIDS is characterized as the sudden passing of a newborn child less than 1 year of age that can't be clarified after an intensive examination is led, including a complete dissection, examination of the demise scene, and a survey of the clinical history ("About SUID and SIDS," 2015). SIDS was

A sustainable amount of research has been done throughout the years on the cause and effect of adverse birth outcomes. These

Another part of the information I gathered was Miguel’s parents did not have a very good health insurance or they did not have any health insurance at all to stay in the hospital until he was at an ideal weight to go home. Being born at 5 pounds, Miguel was a premature birth. Premature births can be caused by high blood pressure, trauma, chronic illness, or lack of nutrients and oxygens (Hellmann, 2009). In addition of not being able to stay in the hospital, Miguel had refused to latch on and nurse. According to Hoecker (2015), this refusal to latch on could be brought on by Miguel’s stress level, having breathing problems, or finding it difficult to latch on properly. All of these stresses have put Miguel on a path of challenges he will have

Being born preterm is a risk factor that put infants to higher risks of chronic diseases and mortality later in life. They have different causes and risks of mortality, morbidity, impaired growth, and non-communicable diseases. Preterm infants are becoming vulnerable to complications due to impaired respiration, difficulty in feeding, poor body temperature regulation and high risk of infection. Thus, being born preterm predisposes infants to higher risks of chronic diseases and mortality later in life. Babies born preterm do not meet the same growth targets as babies born at term, continue to remain below the standard growth curve and demonstrate reduced ability for catch-up

Perinatal asphyxia is one of the most serious birth complications and a leading cause of permanent disability and death in full term neonates.

The sound of the first cry echoes through the room as a newborn takes its first breath of air, is it a boy? Is it a girl? Who cares, as long as the baby is healthy, right? Unfortunately, not every newborn enters this world with a clean bill of health. Babies are born everyday with health issues, some worse than others. The human body is a complex creation; it is comprised of a series of vital organs and systems that are necessary in order to support life, such as the respiratory system, which will be discussed in this paper, in the form of respiratory distress. When a newborn experiences respiratory distress the healthcare provider must be able to quickly identify the signs and symptoms and provide respiratory support. There are many conditions