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Causes And Treatment Of Bacterial Infections

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5.2. Responses to bacteria Although bacterial infections are one of the main problems in the aquaculture industry, very few studies regarding the intestinal response to bacterial pathogens after natural infections can be found in the literature. Additionally, the number of studies performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions is low, prompting the need for more in-depth experiments to determine the role of GALT in bacterial infections. Enteric redmouth disease (ERM, or yersiniosis) is one of the most important diseases of salmonids and is caused by a Gram-negative enterobacterium, Yersinia ruckeri. Its preferential mode of entry is through the gills, but it has also been described to infect the intestine through the mucosal tissue (Ohtani et al., 2014; Tobback et al., 2010, 2009). Despite these findings, few studies have described the immune response in GALT in fish with ERM. Alterations in gene expression in the intestine were described after immersion challenge with the Y. ruckeri strain YRNC10-gfp (Evenhuis and Cleveland, 2012). In this study, early responses (up to 10 days post-immersion) were measured by expression analysis of several genes. Among them, IgM and IgT were upregulated, indicating the participation of both immunoglobulins in the innate responses in the intestine after bacterial infection by immersion. Interestingly, in the same study, only IgM, but not IgT, expression varied in the first 10 days after Flavobacterium psychrophilum strain CSF-259-93

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