Causes Of Pancreatic Cancer

What is Pancreatic Cancer? Pancreatic Cancer is cancer of an organ in the human body called the pancreas, which is located behind the lower part of the stomach. The function of this organ is to secrete certain essential enzymes to digest food and also secrete hormones to metabolize sugars such as

Pancreatic Cancer Axia College (2009) Pancreatic cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of the cells in the pancreas, which is a digestive gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Cancer of the exocrine pancreas is more common than cancerof the endocrine pancreas. Pancreaticcancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths among men and women. Pancreatic cancer remains both a challenge to diagnose and even a greater challenge to treat effectively. What is the pancreas? The pancreas is a spongy, tube-shaped organ about six inches long. The pancreas is located in the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach. The head of the pancreas is on the right side of the abdomen. The

Abdominal ultrasound is sometimes used for quick and cheap first examinations. If there is uncertainty about the diagnosis they may do a biopsy by fine needle aspiration. Pancreatic cancer is usually staged after a ct scan is done. The staging system is four stages,from early to advanced and based on TNM classification.TNM stands for Tumor size, spread to lymph nodes,and metastasis. Based on if surgical removal seems possible,the tumors are divided into three broader categories to help decide treatment. Tumors are resectable, borderline resectable or undetectable. If the disease is still in an early stage(stage 1 or 2) surgical resection of the tumor can be performed. Stage 3 tumors can be borderline resectable where surgery can technically still be done or unresectable where its to locally advanced. Stage 1 cancer is only found in the pancreas. Stage 1 is divided into a and b stages based on tumor size. Stage 1a is when the tumor is no bigger than 2 cm. Stage 1b is when the tumor is bigger than 2 cm. The second stage is when the cancer could have spread to nearby tissue and organs, and may have also spread to the lymph nodes near the

A single cancer cell develops and multiplies quickly, turning into a tumor that does not regard ordinary limits in the body. In the end, cells from the tumor travel somewhere else in the body through the blood or lymphatic framework. Nobody knows precisely how the procedure of DNA harm prompting pancreatic disease happens. Dissecting pancreatic diseases removed by surgery demonstrates certain transformations that happen in about all cases, and others that vary between individuals. Some of these changes happen arbitrarily. Others happen because of things we do or involvement in the earth. A few mutations might be inherited. At the point when enough mutations add up, a cell gets to be threatening and a tumor starts to

SPECIFIC AIMS: Pancreatic Cancer is currently one of the deadliest cancers in the world. In the United States alone, Pancreatic Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death among males and third in females causing 19,480 and 24,530 deaths respectively (Siegel et al., 2013). It has a five year survival rate of less than three percent in the United States (Siegel et al., 2013). This is mainly due to late diagnosis, surgical difficulties, aggressive metastases and resistance to apoptosis (Li et al., 2014). Surgical intervention has been seen as the most effective form of treatment for pancreatic tumors but due to late detection, surgical options become difficult to pursue. As a result, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are the main routes of treatment for patients (Li et al., 2014). Unfortunately not only are these routes very low in efficacy (Li et al., 2014), but have incredibly devastating side effects on the body and the overall quality of life of patients (Love et al., 2006).

This is because the pancreas is located deep in the belly just in front of the spine. As time goes on these cancers cells being to grow much bigger and when they do, they start causing different symptoms depending on the location of the cancer within the pancreas, by the time symptoms are noticed, they have grown and spread throughout the body. Easily identified symptoms are formed when tumor is already large enough to press on other organs of the body, some of these symptoms might include: jaundice which is caused by buildup of bilirubin, abdominal pain which is caused as a result of the cancer pressing on nearby organs, lack of appetite and pale greasy stools resulting when fatty foods are not being digested because cancer blocked the release of pancreatic juice into the intestine. Pancreatic cancer sometimes press on the far end wall of the stomach making it partly blocked thereby making food very hard to get through resulting in Nausea and vomit. Some other symptoms that might be hard to detect include gallbladder enlargement which can only be detected by imaging test, blood cloth and fatty acid

Out of those 48,960 people, 40, 560 of those lives will be taken from the cancer. Pancreatic cancer has a very poor prognosis, mainly because this cancer spreads very quickly and is frequently diagnosed too late. Symptoms usually develop when the cancer is in its advanced stages. Signs and symptoms that may appear include upper abdominal pain, jaundice, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Pancreatic cancer occurs when there is a mutation within the cells of the pancreas. These accumulated mutated cells form a tumor. Most pancreatic cancer begins in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas, however it can also occur in the hormone-producing cells. This type of cancer is known as islet cell cancer. Some risk factors that may increase the change of developing pancreatic cancer include diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, family history of pancreatic cancer, and

Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic cancer is the cancer of the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ between the spine and the stomach, and is about 6 inches long. The pancreas is also made up of two major components named the exocrine and the endocrine. A person has to have a pancreas to survive and this cancer can cause a rapid decline in health and eventually death. To prevent this cancer, a person needs to stop smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and check up with your sugar.

Pancreatic cancer is lethal malignancy with a mortality rate that almost equals its incidence. It is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, with only a 5-year survival rate of about 6%. Pancreatic cancer remains to be one of the most aggressive tumors. When diagnosed 60-80% patients already have locally advanced or the tumor has already metastasized. A majority of pancreatic cancers are derived from the exocrine part of the pancreas. The exocrine part of the pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down proteins, fats, and starches. There are several mutations that have been identified in pancreatic cancer; these mutations can lead to potential biomarkers, leading towards a better prognosis for high risk patients.

The thorough investigations of the pancreatic growth genome have uncovered that most hereditary adjustments are distinguished to be related with particular center flagging pathways including high-recurrence changed qualities, for example, KRAS, CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4 alongside a few low-recurrence transformed qualities. Three sorts of histological antecedents of pancreatic malignancy: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, mucinous cystic neoplasm, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, had been perceived by morphological examinations and the current genomic screening strategies uncovered that each of these forerunner injuries were related with particular sub-atomic changes. In the familial pancreatic disease cases, a few mindful qualities were found. Epigenetic changes additionally assume an essential part in the movement of pancreatic malignancy. A few tumor silencer qualities were hushed because of deviant promoter CpG island hypermethylation. A few hereditarily designed mouse models, in view of the Kras transformation, were made, and given solid apparatuses to recognize the key particles in charge of the advancement or movement of pancreatic malignancy

When spreading through the body there are certain stages the cancer has to go through to expand. Stage 0. There is no spread.The cancer is limited to only one cell in the pancreas. Stage I: The cancer is only limited to the pancreas cell, but has moved at least two centimeters. Not yet visible in screening tests. Stage II: The cancer has grown outside the pancreas and may have spread to the lymph nodes. Stage III: The tumor has spread drastically making it now possible for the tests to detect the tumor,increasing the possibility for it expand into the blood vessels or nerves. Stage IV: The cancer has spread to different organs of the body.("Pancreatic Cancer Treatments by Stage") The first place to attack after spreading would be the stomach, then it would expand to the liver. After the cancer reaches these points, it travels to other places in the body. ("Treating Pancreatic Cancer, Based on Extent of the Cancer").

Adam Ayroso February 15, 2017 Biology Honors Credits #2 For my second honors credit, I did a khan academy on the endocrine pancreas. The endocrine pancreas is the most well known since it has a lot to do with diabetes. It will release hormones that enter the blood stream and then will travel to other parts of the body such as the liver, intestine, or muscles to cause things to happen. The way it is organized is that there are many Islet cells. There are three main types of Islet cells that are present in a group of cells in the pancreas. The first one is called alpha islet cells. These release glucagon, which takes materials such as glycogen to break them down into monomers such as glucose. It is also responsible for the breakdown

The pancreas is mainly made up of Acinar cells which produces an enzyme juice that goes to the small intestine to help with digestion. In these acinar cells are other cells that are called pancreatic islets, which are also known as islets of Langerhans. These pancreatic islets are in charge of producing hormones. Within

Conditions such as pancreatic cancer, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, premalignant mucinous cystic lesions and benign tumors of the pancreas may all lead to EPI via blockage of the pancreatic duct. Irreversible EPI following pancreatic surgery may be found depending on the extent of pancreatic resection with full manifestation following a total pancreatectomy [21, 22]. The mechanism of EPI in patients undergoing a Whipple procedure may be related to a mis-timing of secreted endogenous pancreatic enzymes with

Function The main function of the pancreas is maintaining blood glucose levels to about 70-150 milligrams per decilitre. The pancreas does this by measuring if the blood sugar level is too high or low, if it is not the correct level then a hormone is released. If the blood sugar level is too high insulin is released from the beta cells and causes glucose to enter body cells to be used for energy but sometimes can stimulate glucose to turn to glycogen in the liver. However, if it is too low then glucogen is released into the blood which causes the stored glycogen in the liver to break down