There are more than 200 classified forms of mental illness. These range from common mental illnesses such as Depression, Schizophrenia and Dementia, to rare illnesses such as Todd Syndrome, which causes sensory distortions. It is estimated that 1 in 4 people will suffer from a mental health problem each year (mind.org.uk,2016).
This essay will investigate three disorders, namely Schizophrenia, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder. This includes the symptoms and features, causes and treatment of the disorder.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness which can be described as a chronic disorder that affects a person’s thoughts, behaviour and their emotions.
According to Mind.org.uk, Schizophrenia is a disorder that affects 1-3
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(Singh. S et al, 2010)
Antidepressants work by changing the activity of the chemicals in brain, which regulate mood. There are various forms of antidepressant, including: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (mind.org.uk). The chemicals that are affected depends on the type of antidepressant. For example, SSRIs alter the reuptake of serotonin, a neurotransmitter responsible for mood and emotion, allowing more serotonin to be available, which in turn elevates mood.
The first antidepressant, a MAOI called Iproniazid, was used in the 1950’s, where it was accidentally discovered whilst treating patients with tuberculosis. It was found that a side effect was that the patients experienced heightened mood and euphoria. It was these side effects that led clinicians to trial the drug on patients suffering with depression, where it was found that 70% showed an improvement. The first antidepressants paved the way for the development of newer drugs which targeted specific receptors, namely SSRIs and SNRIs (Ramachandraih. C,
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The conclusion was that antidepressants are effective at treating depression (Arroll B, 2009). Furthermore, a clinical trial carried out in 2014 showed increased rates of recovery when combined with cognitive therapy (Hollon. S et al 2014). However, a 2011 review of several studies showed that antidepressants were ineffective in patients with mild depression when compared to a placebo and only became effective as the depression increased (Vöhringer and Ghaemi, 2011). Additionally, there are concerns about the side effects of antidepressants, including suicide risk (havard.edu, 2009). A meta-analysis of 372 clinical trials showed an increased risk of suicidality in young people which increased as age decreased (Stone. M, 2009).
In conclusion, the number of disciplines, models, theories and proposed treatments for the causation, and treatment of mental disorders are as vast as they are deep. However, no single approach is wrong per se, and as advancements are made, modern psychology may move toward a unified approach (psychologytoday.com,
So what is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a long term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior(Schizophrenia). Schizophrenia often leads to faulty perception, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, or inappropriate actions or feelings.
Schizophrenia is characterized as a psychotic disease that dramatically affects one 's nervous system to a point of where every day basic functions can be inhibited. It is defined as the loss of contact with the external environment the person is in due to delusional thoughts and hallucinations. Perception and behavior of someone plagued with this disease is notably altered and their actions can become a concern of the people around them. Like many other diseases that affect the nervous system it is not curable at the current time but it can be treated to lessen the signs and symptoms of the disease.
According to the DBSA in the US alone depression affects 6.7% of adults. This is approximately 14.8 million people who are diagnosed yearly. Depression puts you at a risk four times higher than that of a non depressed person for a heart attack. The majority of depressed peoples are women. In the medical world there are many techniques to combat depression. There are many forms of prescription antidepressants including; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). Thanks to Ed Likovich, Kasey Russell, Richard Schwartz, Jacqueline Olds and Tom Hayes there is another form of prescribed antidepressant that we now know as Sunsprite.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others.
Schizophrenia is an illness that affects the brain chemistry and structure in such a way that they experience changes in how they think, manage emotions, make decisions, and relate to others. An individual with schizophrenia may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized sleep, flat affect, loss of interest in life and activities, trouble organizing thoughts and remembering things, etc. Current treatment options may include medication, therapy, and psychosocial rehabilitation. (NAMI, 2015)
Schizophrenia is a life-long disorder that affects about one percent of the population (Mueser & McGurk, 2004). The cause of this mental illness is still unclear. Studies have suggested that Schizophrenia does not arise from one factor but from a combination of genetic, environmental, and social factors (Liddle, 1987). People diagnosed with Schizophrenia struggle to deal with a multitude of symptoms that make it difficult to function (Mueser & McGurk, 2004). Antipsychotic medications are a popular treatment of the symptoms of Schizophrenia (Mueser & McGurk, 2004). Research is constantly being done to develop these medications to enhance the quality of life of those diagnosed with Schizophrenia.
three groups.Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) medicines block the monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) from destroying monoamine neurotransmitters, which allows them to accumulate, alleviating depression. Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications block the serotonin reuptake pump, allowing the serotonin neurotransmitter to remain and accumulate in the receptor for longer. Speaking of serotonin specifically, depression has been related to a deficiency of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) neurotransmitter as evidenced by the concentrations of the
A psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual 's cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities. Approximately 26 percent of American adults over the age of 18 suffer from some diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. (Cherry)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) is the most popular antidepressant prescribed today. The main reasons for this drug's popularity are their efficacy and high tolerability. Today there are six marketed SSRI antidepressants: fluoxetine; sertraline; paroxetine; citalopram; escitalopram and fluvoxamine. SSRIs exhibit a high affinity to the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin. SSRIs are less disruptive than TCAs in terms of their cardiovascular effects, and have less antimuscarinic adverse effects. They do however have their adverse effects which include nausea, headache, anxiety, insomnia, and akathisia. Another concerning side effect of SSRIs is the possible risk of suicide in children under 24, which
Schizophrenia is a long lasting psychotic disorder in which there is an inability to distinguish what is real from fantasy as well as disturbances in thinking, emotions and perception.
Psychological issues affect people with symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. Depression is a condition in which a person’s main emotions withdraw and there is a prolonged sadness over a long period of time. Main causes of depression consist of abuse in one’s lifetime, horrific or tragic events and or certain medications. “About 121 million people world-wide are believed to suffer from depression” (Naurt, 2008). Symptoms consist of low self esteem, disturbed sleep habits, appetite loss and the feeling of being not wanted; “It can lead to suicide and is associated with 1 million deaths a year” (Naurt, 2008). Antidepressants are the common treatment for depression, but music therapy is becoming increasingly popular. The biological perspective on the anti-depressants given to patients diagnosed with depression can have very horrific side effects. One such group of anti-depressants is Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): “…there is also an established direct link between suicide and violent behavior and the use of SSRIs” (Tyrell, 2001). Most people stop using anti-depressants because of the drugs’ side effects. The SSRIs are just one example of malicious effects anti-depressant drugs that can create on people. Another research study completed by Kikuchi, Mimura, Suzuki, Uchida and Watanabe (2013), affirms their hypothesis that antidepressants has profound negative effects on patients with
Schizophrenia is classified as a severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. Individuals with schizophrenia can have difficulties with attention, thinking, language, emotion, and relationships. For a while, researchers have been wondering what causes schizophrenia and if the cause has more to do with psychological issues or genetics.
The newest medications used to suppress depression are collectively known as selective serotonin inhibitors (SSRIs). These drugs work by altering the
Schizophrenia is a very serious, long-term disorder that affects about 1% of the world’s population. It affects people anywhere from twenty years old, to forty-five years old. It is known to be one of the most disabling diseases in this age group. Schizophrenia can break down a person’s behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. People who suffer from schizophrenia usually show very inappropriate displays of their actions and feelings. Sufferers have been known to hear voices, even when there is nobody around them. They have problems controlling their thoughts, and sometimes blurt out things that are very inappropriate. This paper will outline the biological, social, and psychological
Schizophrenia, unlike most disorders, is a standout amongst the most genuine of the mental disorders. It is known that one in a hundred individuals are affected by it, and starts in either youth or early adulthood. Schizophrenia brings social interruption, anguish and hardship to the individuals who experience the ill effects of it, as well as to their family. Under those circumstances, it is known to be the most devastating of all disorders. There are both negative and positive symptoms when it comes to dealing with schizophrenia. Despite the fact that there are various negative indications, the most present one is limitations or absence in thoughts and behaviours that are characteristics in normal functioning. For this