Cave Wall Essay

This mega drought matched up with the Lake Chichancanab sediment record, giving the authors more confidence in their results. They did this for multiple depths of low Ti content on the sediment cores that resulted in the dates of 910, 860, 810, and 760 A.D.. The intervals between these drought periods were all within approximately 40 to 47 years which also is supported in the Lake Chichancanab sediment record. Beginning with the drought in 760 A.D., a drying trend appeared for approximately the next 40 years until a more severe drought occurred at approximately 810 A.D. Another major drought occurred at roughly 860 A.D. based on very low Ti content results. This was finally capped of with another sever drought in 910 A.D. which lasted roughly 6 years.

Despite evidence from other researchers suggesting that perhaps climate change combined with other social and political factors was the driving force behind the collapse of these palatial centres, the degree to which each of these influences contributed to the collapse has yet to be consistently determined. Due to this, Drake’s argument for climate change as a primary factor in the collapse of Greek palatial centres is more substantial. Brandon Drake (2013) in “The influence of climatic change on the Late Bronze Age Collapse and the Greek Dark Ages” cites oxygen-isotope speleothems as a primary form of evidence that climate change was the driving force in the collapse of Greek Bronze Age palatial centres (pp. 1863-1864). Carbon samples were taken from speleothems in Soreq Cave located in Northern Israel. From these samples researchers found low levels of precipitation during the Late Bronze Age in this area and therefore determined that land in the area was particularly arid during this time period, which likely led to widespread famine.

In the Allegory of the Cave there are chained prisoners in cave who can only stare at the cave wall in front of them. At the back there is a long entrance with a staircase the width of the cave and a fire burning in the distance. They see only shadows projected in front of them from a raised platform and hear an echo that they attribute to what they observe. They talk about and name the shadows of objects they see before them. To them the truth are the shadows. Then one day one of the prisoners is released. He is told that what he saw before was an illusion. Once he is outside it takes a while for his eyes to adjust to the sun. First he observed the shadows of thing then their reflection and finally the actual object. Remembering his previous state he goes back to the cave and tries to explain that everything is an illusion but they laugh at him and think he’s crazy. They believe it best not to ascend and they choose to remain as they are. The cave represented opinion. The shadows that are cast on to the wall represented physical objects. The prisoners represented the common people (Welles).

Lechuguilla Cave, the fifth-longest cave in the world, exists in the park. It was discovered in 1984, when miners heard wind roaring from the cave. The cave contains antibiotic-resistance bacteria, which developed resistance over millions of years. However the bacteria cannot spread to humans, but is resistant to every type of antibiotic tested.

There are four specific symbols in the cave allegory; the prisoners, the roadway, the fire and the sun. the prisoners represents people and philosophers of the real world.

In class and watching this movie we find out that Chauvet Cave was discovered in December of 1994 when Christian Hillaire, Eliette Brunel-Deschamps and Jean-Marie accidently found it, because they had felt a draft. In the introduction to the movie we find out that the cave sits next to this beautiful river named Pont d’Arc. We later find out that it might be this river that feeds into the cave that brings some bones into it, such as golden eagle bones. I also find out that the entrance that these hikers had found was actually not the true entrance. We find out that the actual entrance was covered when the cave had collapsed in earlier times. I was really surprised that they were able to find the actual entrance. I thought since the cave had collapsed that it would have damaged or destroyed the original entrance.

When I am writing this essay, Jiangsu province is suffering from the most serious drought from last 50 years. Suzhou, a city should have been rainy. But I almost have not seen rain since I come to Suzhou. “Climate changes caused by human activities, most importantly the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) and deforestation, are superimposed on, and to some extent masked by, natural fluctuations.”(Hamburg, S. et al, 1997) Due to these violent human activities, those kinds of extreme phenomena are becoming much more popular than before. Human burning countless fossil fuels recklessly lead to too

The Great Warming is a book written by Brian Fagan that encompasses the environment and history pertaining to most of the human race between A.D. 800 and 1300. Not only does the book give a new dimension to world history by looking at climate history, but it also provides the reader with an ominous warning of the impact that climate change may have on the human race in the future. Fagan references many civilizations in the book that were affected by the rise in surface temperatures. He goes in depth with them individually to show just how worldwide this climate change was, how each civilization adapted or failed to adapt, and who the winners and losers were during this medieval warming period.

The beginning of this chapter starts out with an ancient story of the kingdom of Akkad. It was said that a baby was found floating in a river and eventually he became a servant to the king, and after that he eventually became king of Akkad. He joined all the cities together and conquered others as well. His reign was for 56 years, and he was followed by his two sons, who were then followed by his grandson, who claimed to be a god. In a sudden strike, the entire kingdom just collapsed. It was known as The Curse of Akkad. "For the first time since cities were built and founded, the great agricultural tracts produced no grain, the inundated tracts produced no fish, the irrigated orchards produced neither syrup nor wine, the gathered clouds did no rain, the masgurum did not grow."(pg 93) This happened during a three year period. I believe this is probably the first "documented" major climate change/disaster. Because of that, it is why I think she put this in her book. I don't believe it was global warming or anything like that that would have caused this. But then again, I don't think this has to be all just about global warming, major climate changes are a big part as well.

Indirect measurements of atmospheric composition can host reliable sources of information around the climate of today in comparison with the historical climate. One way of gaining information about past

That made it a lot harder for the farmers to grow things. The wind blew all the remaining topsoil away. There were four droughts. Each drought came one after the other.

Samenow (2015) argues that climate change is best regarded as as a drought amplifier rather than the source of the drought itself. He provides instances showing links between drought and climate change. One is that the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide, a heat-trapping gas, have risen about 25 percent since 1958. Heat-trapping gases, like carbon dioxide, act like a performance-enhancer when it comes to warm weather extreme, because they considerably intensify the probability for setting new records for hot

According to Kimberly Amadeo, he clearly states in his article that,“The lack of rain killed the crops that kept the soil in place. ”This quote shows that the rain helped the soil stay in place while the crops were growing, and since there is no rain the soil is everywhere and the crops are all gone. As Kimberly explained later on, “In 1934 The third drought created the hottest year on record until 2014. There were 29 consecutive days with temperatures above 100 degrees. Almost 80 percent of the country recorded bone-dry conditions.

The Great Warming by Brian Fagan claims that environmental changes (most commonly prolonged droughts, El Niños, and La Niñas during the Medieval Warm Period) affect human civilization, including human’s trading abilities, overall movement, and quality of life. He examines the world’s ancient climate warming, known as the Medieval Warming, between the 10th and the 15th centuries, also mentioning the preceding and succeeding centuries. Fagan gathers his research using studies conducted by archaeologists, historians, and paleoclimatologists. Throughout his book, he refers to direct methods to study climate change, such as instrument records and historical documents, and indirect methods, such as ice, deep sea cores, coral records, and tree rings. Fagan digs into the rise and fall of multiple civilizations around the world as an effect of The Medieval Warming Period. As well as examining civilizations across the world, he attempts to connect the climate change patterns during The Medieval Warming Period to the current global warming faced today. The Great Warming discusses positive and negative connections between climate change and human civilizations across the world, starting in Europe and working its way into Asia, North America, South America, Africa, and even covering the arctic ice caps; however, throughout the book, Fagan has a hard time connecting his various ideas back to one main topic and can easily stray from his point about the effects of climate change.

11,700 years ago the geological epoch the Holocene was thought to of began following the Pleistocene epoch, together these time periods make up the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been described as being relatively warm and with a fairly stable climate. Not only this, but it is thought to coincide with the start of agriculture as human populations rose throughout the Holocene technology became more sophisticated aiding the rise of agriculture (Holden, 2012). The early anthropogenic hypothesis was published in 2003 by Professor W.F. Ruddiman, this was a three part hypothesis in which Ruddiman proposed humans reversed natural decreases in CO2 values within the atmosphere by deforestation. That they reversed natural methane decreases after 5,000 years by irrigating rice, they also caused a warming sufficient to prevent a new glaciation within the last several thousand years and during the Holocene (Ruddiman 2005). This hypothesis has attracted a lot of attention with many people both supporting it and criticising it. Throughout this essay I will be exploring the many arguments for and against the early anthropogenic hypothesis and stating whether or not human kind could have prevented the start of an ice age during the Holocene.