Cell Biology Lab Report

If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.

Observation: no bugs were found except small, black, gnats were all close to the ground.

I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

Use a test tube holder to put the test tube into a container of boiling water for 5 minutes, or until the solution changes color.

The major storage polysaccharide in plants is starch. These molecules would be found in abundance in the stroma in the plant tubers where it is found as granules. Glucose is stored mainly in the form of starch granules, in plastids like chloroplasts and amyloplasts. Plant starch starts out as glucose, but glucose is very hard for plants to store, so it is converted to starch through polymerization. Amyoplasts turn the glucose into starch and move it to the stroma, and in tubers the stroma is a place to store the food (starch), and when plants need the energy in the starch, it converts the starch back into glucose.

The purpose of this experiment was we were trying to see if the number of arthropods would be significantly different in sparse and dense areas of the woods. Ms.Ehnert provided us with the design of a trap to set up in the woods so we could more actually count the amount and types of bugs that we find. The trap was a cup filled with anti-freeze that we put in the ground and then covered it with a paper plait, but raised it so bugs could get in and bigger animals couldn’t. We waited for a week to collect the results and then counted all of them and sorted them. My hypothesis was based off of common sense, the simple assumption that less trees equals less arthropods and more trees equals more arthropods. I knew that living things need a habitat

1.) My hypothesis that the insects would be most repelled by the lemon plant extract was not supported. Our key findings in the experiment do not support my hypothesis because the lemon had a 60% repulsion response and was the second most repulsive behind orange with a 70% repulsion response. Although the Earthworms were repelled by the lemon plant extract, they were more so repelled by the orange plant extract. 2.)

The maximum cell density of the naked mole rat cells was found to be three times lower than the mouse sample. This result shows that naked mole-rat cells are hypersensitive to contact inhibition, also known as early contact inhibition. Researchers attempted to determine whether this early contact inhibition was caused by cell contact or secreted factors by replacing the media of naked mole-rat fibroblasts. The replacement increased the maximum cell density but not enough to reach the same level as the mouse sample showing that contact is the cause of the contact inhibition. Naked mole-rat and mouse fibroblasts were infected with oncoproteins which disable Rb and p53 in different samples to determine their role in early contact inhibition. The results showed that both Rb and p53 both played a role in preventing cell proliferation but Rb is more important in the regulation of early contact inhibition. Naked mole-rat fibroblasts were compared to human, mouse and a mutated naked mole-rat fibroblast without early contact inhibition by analyzing for p27 using Western blot. The naked mole-rat sample was the only sample that expressed little p27. When the same process was repeated for p16, the naked mole-rat sample was the only sample expressing high levels of p16. This result shows how p16 is the early contact inhibitor in the naked mole rat and p27 serves as a backup. GFP

The sixth lab I completed in Biology 101 taught me how autotrophs (self-feeders) and heterotrophs (other-feeders) make organic food molecules by using photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses the energy from the sun and it is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of organic molecules. The sunlight consists of different wavelengths of light. In plant chloroplasts, they have different pigments that capture different wavelengths of light. Light capturing pigments in green plants are called chlorophylls and these absorb all the colors of light except green, which is mostly reflected. To separate molecules from each other according to their solubility in a particular solvent is done by the process of chromatography. This basically means that polar

N-cadherin is a protein encoded by the CDH2 gene. It interacts with the cellular cytoskeleton, and is often involved in cardiac muscle, as well as certain cancers. Being calcium dependent, it helps to maintain cellular structure and integrity. For example, it plays a role in trans-endothelial migration, which involves cell-cell adhesion [3]. The endothelial layer contains many different fibers, as well as pathways that allow attachment for the cadherin protein. Some cancer cells can eventually pass through the endothelium, causing the cancer to become malignant and spread. Cadherins in this case can be used to identify and track the spread of the cells, and further identify common routes of travel through the human vasculature.

The next two molecules, α6β4 integrin, and collagen XVII extend beyond the basal keratinocyte membrane and into the lamina lucida layer of the basement membrane zone and hence they are known as transmembrane molecules. These latter two molecules can be found within the outer plaque of the hemidesmosome. The last molecule, CD151, the most recently discovered molecule, is closely associated with α6β4 Integrin, and resides at or near the surface of the basal cell plasma membrane. The intermediate filaments attach to BPAG1 and plectin, which compose the hemidesmosome inner plaque. Both plectin and BPAG1 belong to the plakin family of proteins, and share significant sequence homology.[14]

Both of these events occur because of interactions between the cancer cells and the stromal microenvironment (Weinberg et al., 2014). The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulation of cell mesenchymal integrity are require steps (Bonnomet et al., 2010; Woessner, 1991). As known that matric metalloproteins (MMPs) are play an important role on ECM degradation. Type IV collagenase and gelatinase (MMP-2 or MMP-9) are major proteases for ECM degradation leading to migration and intravasation (Martin et al., 2007). Several junction proteins, such as E-cadherin and Vascular-Endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), are regular the integrity of cell-cell content and cell-mesenchymal contact (Fleming et al., 2000; Micalizzi et al., 2010). During cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to the target metastasis organ process, adhesion molecules (e.g., integrin-1 and E-selectin) play a key role in regulating the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium cells (Yates et al., 2014; Okegawa et al., 2002). On the other hand, when cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to circulate system by intravasation, then they extravasation into the circulatory system to migrate to the target metastasis organ. The regulation of migration, invasion and adhesion may be an effective strategy for improving the prognosis of

The effects of integrin’s vary from the type of protein they are and how they affect a certain part of the body. They are usually surface receptors that will interact with extracellular matrix. There is a family of alpha and beta classes which would usually form heterodimers. They are used for adhesion purposes most of the time and can also transduce a biochemical signal into or out of the cell. This process is called bidirectional, where the can transmit information from in and out of a cell. There are different structures that integrin’s play a role in. Integrin’s can bind to a ligand, where it will form a complex with a biological molecule that will usually serve as a purpose. They can go through a process called activation, where they would have a conformational change of the receptor. They can also trigger a cascade effect, which can change a receptors shape.

The cell suspension in PBS was taken and mixed with an equal volume of 0.5% Trypan blue (Biosciences). A drop (10l) of the Trypan blue/cell mix was applied to a hemocytometer. The unstained cells (viable) and stained cells (nonviable) were counted.