Cell Free DNA Case Study

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

DNA collection is a good thing not only can it help catch the person responsible for an illegal crime, but it can also clear up a suspect’s name. In the case of Maryland v. King on April 2009 Alonzo Jay King was charged for first and second degree assault for scarring a crowd of people with a shotgun, he was arrested and as a part of their booking procedure, they swabbed Alonzo Jay King for his DNA. Kings DNA sample later resulted to be a match of a DNA sample in the system “CODIS” of a rape victim by the name of Vonette W.’s Salisbury. Vonnette was raped on September 2003 but had not gotten justice for the crime against her since the only evidence was the DNA sample of the semen that was swabbed. No matches were found in the data base until Alonzo Jay King was arrested. By collecting DNA, it can help lead to an arrest of a suspect and to be able to close cases.

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

Another biomarker that can be observed in response to cancer is ct-DNA. Ct-DNA refers to fragments of DNA from tumors found circulating in the blood stream. A recent study indicated that observing ct-DNA could have multiple useful applications for oncologists. Ct-DNA analysis during treatment could serve as an indication of how tumors react to treatment methods and whether recurrence is likely. Detecting ct-DNA in the bloodstream could even serve as an early sign of cancer, observable before imaging tests even show tumors. However, ct-DNA analysis has not yet proved to be a replacement for LDCT

He believes that circular DNA carries many copies of oncogenes increasing the tumors growth. During cell division eccDNA replicates like any other cell, but unlike chromosomal DNA. Circular DNA may not be evenly apportioned between daughter cells during cell division. As a result, eccDNA can massively increase the number of oncogenes in some cells and if the oncogenes give the cell a growth boost than oncogenes cells can take over the tumor cells.

Cells can enter small blood vessels and get into the bloodstream. Cancer cells that do that are called circulating tumor cells. The circulating blood sweeps up cancer cells as the blood is circulating and carries the cancer cells until they become attached

Background and Rationale. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly malignant with the lowest survival of any human cancer (1). Extensive metastasis and therapeutic resistance are the two major contributors to the dismal prognosis of this malignancy (3-5). The mechanisms by which PDAC cells can successfully spread and metastasize are largely unknown, and molecular events underlying the tumor cell’s resistance to therapeutics remain to be defined (6,7). The objective of this proposal is to use a special type of cancer cell, circulating tumor cell (CTC), responsible for the poor prognosis to characterize these cells and to test therapeutics we have designed to overcome therapeutic resistance and improve patient survival.

Over the summer I went to a Hopkins summer camp, where I had a biology teacher named Mrs. Cox. Mrs. Cox was one of the best teachers I had ever had. She was always so energetic and excited about every single project we did. One of the most memorable experiences was towards the end of the week, we did something I had never done before. We made DNA Necklaces.

In this study, no correlations were observed between IL-8 concentration and other well-established pathological features of advanced NSCLC such stage, histology, smoking, number of metastatic sites, and presence of distal metastasis. However, it was a correlation between level of IL-8 and Alcohol drinking and gender.

Strawberries and banana are octoploids which have eight sets of DNA. Smashing the strawberries and banana helps to separate the cells. The detergent tail attached to the broken cells and pulls the cell membrane into the water. It separates the DNA from the membrane of the cell. All the DNA will combine together because the DNA doesn’t observe in alcohol then the DNA forms a cloud that we can see.

As this paper aims to determine the correlation between SNP status at both ABO and CHEK2 loci and epithelial ovarian cancer. The first step was to isolate genomic DNA from three different epithelial carcinoma cells MCF7(breast adenocarcinoma),ACHN(renal adenocarcinoma) and H1650(lung carcinoma).And the isolated DNA from all 3 cell lines were quantified using bio tek Gen 5 and the ratio of corrected Ab260/Ab280 was taken to determine the purity of the sample DNA.AS in the above tables 4,5 and 6 indicates the purity ratio as 1.888,1.942 and 1.698 for MCF7,ACHN and H1650 respectively. As for the optimum purity range it should be within 1.8 to 2.0.AS for DNA isolated from MCF7 and ACHN the purity level falls within the normal range. However as for the H1650 DNA the purity level is slightly lower than 1.8 and this could be due to protein contamination or presence of other contaminants as well causing variation in the ratio. Not only that, but also sometimes the pH of the solution can also vary the purity of DNA,where acidity will decrease the ratio whereas basicity will increase the ratio. Henceforth there are several safety measures to be

spiral is inside every nucleus of body cells. The number of body cells is approximately 60 trillion.

In the battle against cancer, there are three critical components. Prevention, early diagnosis and treatment. Oncology incorporates these three elements to ensure that they can detect and be one step ahead in this fight. Cancer is associated with the immune suppression of the host. CTLA-4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) also known as CD152 (cluster of differentiation 152), is a protein receptor that functioning as an immune checkpoint, ward off the immune system. CTLA-4 ensure that the T cells are not able to recognize and eliminate foreign antigens and thus, most often tumour cells can evade immune recognition and destruction (Oudard, 2013). The study will focus on the role of hematology and oncology in CTLA treatment, the role of CTLA treatment in graft survival and its role in autoimmune diseases.

Free DNA fragments are unbound by any molecule or surface. They are digested by DNases in blood[9] and have a half-life of less than 2 hours.[10, 11] However, it was reported that in cancer the DNase concentrations are low and DNase

It has been postulated that cell free DNA (cfDNA) can originate directly from the viable tumor cells or from CTCs by apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, micro-environmental stress, mitotic catastrophe, trauma and treatment procedure [17, 218-225], others includes viruses, such as EBV, HPV and hepatitis B virus [226-228]. Moreover, cfDNA is regarded as ‘circulating tumor DNA’ (ctDNA) after mutations in cfDNA in cancer; hence, information regarding the origination and release of ctDNA may provide insight to clinicians about their possible roles and nature of disease. Of these, many studies have shown that ctDNA convey genomic and epigenomic modifications indistinguishable to those of tumor cells [229]. Studies have demonstrated that cfDNA is