Cell Membrane Essay

8. Eventually the bacteriophages will die in the intestine since there will be no more bacteria to combat and live off of.

3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?

P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body.

A.) Which serous membrane in Chloe’s abdomen most likely contains the greatest amount of adipose tissue?

Most pathogens prefer to grow in pH neutral conditions; many of the cavities in the body are protected from an invasion by a high pH. An example of this is the stomach, which is very acidic and kills ingested pathogens.

4. Why does potassium concentration rise in patients with acidosis? What is this called? What effects does it have?

Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach, consisting of chloride and hydrogen. Carbonic acid is produced in red blood cells consisting of carbon dioxide and water, of which is why demanding

P4: Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body

The cell membrane consists of eight distinctive parts that each have their own unique structure and function. The phospholipid bilayer is an integral part of the cell membrane because it is the external layer of the cell membrane and composes the barriers that isolate the internal cell components and organelles from the extracellular environment. It is composed of a series of phospholipids that have a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region. These regions are composed of the hydrophilic heads and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids, this organization of the polar heads and nonpolar tails allows the heads of the cell to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules while the tails are able to avoid water. The phospholipid bilayer also has many important functions within the cell, it gives the cell shape, provides protection, and it is selectively permeable which allows it to only let very specific molecules pass through its surface. The phospholipid bilayer is an important structure because it prevents harmful and unwanted molecules from entering the cell and isolates organelles which helps to maintain the internal environmental homeostasis of the cell.

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract. There are four types of ulcerative colitis. Ranging from most severe to least severe Pan-ulcerative colitis, left sided colitis, Proctosigmoiditis, and ulcerative proctitis. Though the causes are unknown there are possibly three factors which may play a part in the disease. The immune system, basically the immune system is fighting itself and inflaming the GI tract, environmental triggers such as certain bacteria’s, viruses, and genetic predisposition. (CrohnsandColitis) Also a lot of theories have been thrown out there, things like salmonella poisoning, and different strands of anti-biotics. (TheMedicalAdvisor)

Many conditions result if blood pH is not maintained. If the pH of the blood becomes too acidic

The fluid loss that results from the adenylate cyclase stimulation of cells depends on the balance between the amount of bacterial growth, toxin production, fluid secretion, and fluid absorption in the entire gastrointestinal tract. The outpouring of fluid and electrolytes is greatest in the small intestine, where the secretory capacity is high and absorptive capacity low. The diarrhoeal fluid can amount to many liters per day, with approximately the same sodium content as plasma but two to five times the potassium and bicarbonate concentrations. The result is dehydration (isotonic fluid loss), hypokalemia (potassium loss), and metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate loss). The intestinal mucosa remains unaltered except for some hyperaemia, because

The major effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system. When the pH of the blood falls below 7.35, the central nervous system malfunctions, and the individual becomes disoriented and possibly comatose as the condition worsens. Causes for acidosis include things such as; obesity, disease of the airway and diseases involving the chest. (Hadjiliadis, 2014)

The mucosal epithelial cells are affected by these toxins through receptor mediated endocytosis which set off a series of events that eventually leads to cell death.6 Toxins A and B also cause the host cells to secrete cytokines, including interleukin-8 which creates acute neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate which is one of the characterising factors of C. difficile.6 C. difficile can also cause a build-up of dead mucosal cells, pus, and bacteria in the large intestine to create pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) covers the intestinal wall which affects the fluid reabsorption and contributes to the vast amount of diarrhea, and dehydration.3 In the last decade C. difficile infections have increased dramatically, one of the reasons could be

The membrane of the cell is composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer with various protein molecules floating within it phospholipids are fats and are constructed of two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic and a Phosphate head that is hydrophilic. The heads orientate themselves towards the water molecules outside of the cell with the hydrophobic tails pointing away from the water molecules. A second tier of phospholipids forms a mirror image with the heads pointing towards the water molecules inside the cell itself. These two tiers of Phospholipids form the Phospholipid Bilayer (Keeton, 1983, p. 71).