Cell Proliferation And The Control Of Cellular Function

Lyme Disease: A chronic medical mystery Introduction One of the most common Tick communicable diseases plaguing the United States today is a human transferable infection called Lyme disease, which is spread by Deer Ticks Ixodes scapularis, they are small arthropods often found in wooded areas of eastern United states (Orkin.com “Deer ticks” accessed may 8 2016); transmission of the infection occurs when an contaminated deer tick I. scapularis bites its victim transmitting the blood borne infection to its host; a bacteria called spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. (CDC) invades the body and begins it journey of destruction. Symptoms are not felt right away, yet over the

could corrupt Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 7 Oct. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/impacts-adaptation/health.html#ref1>. ticks that carry lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection caused by ticks, is bounded by temperature

Growth Factor Dependence and Oncogenic Transformation Valerie Thigpen Biology 3040-002 TA: Maisha Rashid Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine how calf serum affected cell proliferation. The hypothesis is the following: if different concentrations of Fetal Bovine Serum were added to non-transformed and transformed cells, it would provide nutrients for the non-transformed cells but does not affect the transformed cells. As far as Western Blot analysis goes, the protein concentration for normal cells will increase with the calf serum and FGF concentrations, but Ras-transformed cells will have a constant protein concentration since they are independent from growth factors. Hence, my conclusion after analyzing the results of the experiment come to be that an increase in FBS increases cell density of non-transformed cells. The same does not go for transformed cells, because results show that cell density remained the same at concentrations of .5%, 2%, and 10%. The results also depict ERK1/2 factor increases in the cells, therefore cell density will increase in non-transformed cells.

1. Introduction The best-characterised hidden antigen of Haemonchus contortus, called H11, is a 110 kDa gut membrane glycoprotein (Smith et al., 1993) belonging to the M1 aminopeptidase family. Native H11, isolated from adult H. contortus, had been evaluated in numerous vaccine experiments in sheep of different breeds, including very young lambs, and shown to induce high levels of antibody-mediated protection, reflected in (on average) a >90% reduction in faecal egg counts (FECs) and > 75% reduction in worm burdens (reviewed by Newton and Munn, 1999; Newton and Meeusen, 2003; Knox, 2011). Molecular characterisation showed that H11 is a microsomal aminopeptidase (Graham et al., 1993; Smith et al., 1997), believed to be involved in the degradation of small peptides from dietary proteins (Munn and Munn, 2002). At the time, it was proposed that protection was achieved via antibody-induced disruption of nutrient absorption by the worm.

Immune evasion mechanisms Across the three main strains of Borrelia, on average 8% of coding DNA in their genome is devoted purely towards synthesizing surface lipoproteins (Pal & Fikrig, 2003). This large allocation and subsequent recombination allows Borrelia change the expression of their outer surface proteins (Osp) as well as the variable major protein like sequence (vls) almost instantly, preventing the immune system from developing a specific response (Stewart et al., 2005). An example of this is OspA, which is extremely immunogenic, is down-regulated once tick feeding has begun and then increased again after Borrelia has infected the nervous system (Fallon et al., 2010). This ability to change the expression of Osps also allows Borrelia to

Babesia and Theileria, tick borne parasites, infect red blood cells of several animals. They cause severe economic losses to the livestock industry and animal trade all over the world (Kuttler, 1988). The clinical signs include fever, malaise, jaundice, hemoglobinuria, and sometimes death of the affected animal. Babesia microti infect human in the United States and Europe (Beugnet and Moreau 2015). The available antibabesial drugs have drawbacks of toxicity (Vial and Gorenflot 2006); therefore, there is an urgent need for new effective chemotherapeutic drugs without toxic side effects to the host.

Babesia, a major pathogen infecting erythrocytes in animals, is transmitted by ticks to vertebrates and results in serious economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. B. caballi and T. equi are the major cause of equine piroplasmosis all over the world. The clinical signs include malaise, fever, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and hemoglobinuria (Kuttler, 1988). Babesia microti, a rodent Babesia, infects humans in North America (Kogut et al., 2005). The babesicidal drugs such as diminazene aceturate and imidocarb dipropionate have adverse side effects related to their toxicity (Vial and Gorenflot, 2006). Therefore, the development of new drugs that have a chemotherapeutic effect against babesiosis with low toxicity to the hosts is urgently needed.

Ticks are very important and harmful blood sucking external parasites of mammals, birds and reptiles throughout the woria (Furman and Loomis, 1984). The medical and economic importance of ticks had long been recognized due to their ability to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Ticks belong to phylum, Aarthropoda and

Infectious disease states will be affected as a direct impact of climate change. Changes in climate can cause alterations in the patterns of certain disease vectors. This can be seen in Canada, where new populations of ticks are increasing the incidence of Lyme disease (McMichael and Lindgren, 2011, p. 409). A shift in the distribution of ticks and consequently Lyme disease threatens new populations that can increase the incidence and prevalence of Lyme disease in Canada (Mills, Gage and Khan, 2010, p. 1508.). These new populations facing Lyme disease will be particularly susceptible since it has not been an issue previously faced in their vicinity. Other vector-borne diseases and infections have seen a recent increase in population and geographic locations, including the West Nile Fever in Africa (McMichael and Lindgren, 2011, p. 409). Africa has been affected by climate change through rising temperatures. These increases in temperature have manifested themselves in an

Control of gene expression by H-NS H-NS is known as a global regulator which influence the expression of large number of genes in response to various environmental factors like pH, osmolarity or temperature (Atlung and Ingmer, 1997; Dorman, 2007).Numerous studies can have shown the gene regulatory functions of H-NS in E.coli and Salmonella, acting mainly as a ‘gene silencer’(Dorman, 2004; Lucchini et al., 2006).Transcriptomic studies have revealed that H-NS regulates around 1439 genes in S.typhimurium. In uropathogenic E.coli strain, 536, H-NS regulates around 500 genes, including many virulence factors like cytotoxins, fimbriae and siderophores (Muller et al., 2006).H-NS is also responsible for the silencing of horizontally acquired DNA

Recurrent incidence of babesiosis among apparently healthy bovines in Egypt, submits the needs for suitably destined prevalence studies with rapid and accurate diagnosis and immediate treatment of infected animals are required to control this disease. The routine epidemiological survey and diagnosis usually based upon microscopical examination of Giemsa stained blood

Malaria is a vector-borne, fever-producing disease caused by infection with one of four species of apicomplexan parasitic protozoa in the genus plasmodium. It is the most important arthropod-transmitted pathogen in the world today in terms of numbers of cases, deaths, and economic burden. Acquired from the bite of an infective Anopheles mosquito, malaria caused by plasmodium falciparum in which febrile paroxysms recur irregularly, is the most severe form of malaria. It has the highest levels of parasites in the blood and is a disease that is responsible for 880,000 deaths per year worldwide (WHO,2009). Vaccine development has proved difficult and resistance has emerged for most anti-malarial drugs.

Findings in Research Focus Box 14.1 Plasmodium eggs are fertilized in the mosquito host, migrating to the mosquito’s midgut where they enter an infective stage. The study specified in “Research Focus Box 14.1” stemmed from biologists attempting to genetically manipulate mosquitoes to prevent malarial parasites from maturing into an infective state. Without entering this stage, Plasmodium cannot be transmitted to a new host. Using previous findings of the prevention of parasite maturity by engineering mosquitoes possessing the peptide SM1, the study proposed to determine the success of engineered mosquitoes with SM1 peptides compared to wild-type mosquitoes. Experiments were conducted using the rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei along with engineered mosquitoes expressing SM1 and unaffected mosquitoes (Pechenik, 2010).

This Paper Explores Present Treatments and Control Methods against both the vector and the DCO in the human host and the advantages and disadvantages of these treatments as well as some of the political and economical "barriers" that surround treatment development Faathuma Mohumed 1343210 ENTOMOLOGY 392 MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY Dr. Andrew Keddie

(Cann, 1996). Though many people are aware that malaria is a disease, they are unaware Here, sexual forms of the parasite develop in the stomach of the Anopheles mosquito completing the parasites life cycle (Herman, 1996). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;People infected malaria have several symptoms including fever, chills, headaches, weakness, and an enlarged spleen (Herman, 1996). The amount of time for symptoms to appear differs depending on the form of the parasite. Those infected with Plasmodium falciparum experience symptoms after about twenty-four hours, those infected with Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale produce symptoms after a forty-eight hour interval, and after seventy-two hours Plasmodium malariae begin causing fever and chills (Cann, 1996). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Most malaria cases seem to cluster in the tropical climate areas extending into the subtropics, and malaria is especially endemic in Africa. In 1990 eighty percent of all reported cases were in Africa, while the remainder of most cases came from nine countries: India, Brazil, Afghanistan, Sri-Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and China. Globally, the disease circulates in almost one hundred countries causing up to 1,500,000 deaths annually (Cann, 1996). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Because there is no definite cure for malaria, scientists are trying their hardest to contain the parasite to where it now exists. The range of a