Cellular Fermentation Lab Report

Aerobic respiration happens only when oxygen is presented in the cell. Aerobic respiration starts with pyruvate crossing into the mitochondria. When it passes through, a Coenzyme A will attach to it producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH. Acetyl CoA will enter into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA will bound with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA), a four carbon molecule, producing the six carbon molecule, Citric Acid. Citric Acid will reorganize into Isocitrate. This will lose a CO2 and make a NADH turning itself into alpha ketoglutarate, a five carbon molecule. Alpha ketoglutarate will turn into an unstable four carbon molecule, which attaches to CoA making succinyl CoA. During that process a CO2 and NADH is made. An ATP is made when CoA leaves and creates Succinate. This molecule is turned into Fumarate, creating two FADH2 in the process. Then Fumarate is turned into Malate then into OAA making two NADH. Only two ATP is produced in Krebs cycle but the resulting NADHs and FADH2s are passed through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase. When the molecules passes through that cycle a total of 28 ATP molecules are produced. In all aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP and waste products of H2O and

There are many substances that can be manipulated and cause the rate of reaction in fermentation to either speed up or slow down. Substances that alter the rate of the reaction could be temperature of the water, the yeast concentration, pH, and the glucose concentration. In the experimental group of the experiment the amount of yeast concentration was manipulated. The objective of this experiment was to determine what factors affect the rate of the fermentation. To test this objective we changed the amount of yeast being used. A higher yeast concentration replaced the controlled yeast amount. A prediction made by my group was that higher amount of yeast would speed up the process of fermentation. Our null hypothesis is there will be no

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

Introduction: Cellular respiration and fermentation are used in cells to generate ATP. All cells in a living organism require energy or ATP to perform cellular tasks (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg. 162). Since energy can not be created (The first law of thermodynamics) just transformed, the cell must get its energy from an outside source (Urry, Lisa A., et al. , pg.162). “Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions is called metabolism” (Urry, Lisa A., et al., pg. 142). Cells get this energy through metabolic pathways, or metabolism. As it says in Campbell biology, “Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called catabolic pathways” (Urry, Lisa A., et al. pg.

Chapter 4 of our textbook (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 116) explained the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as the final electron receptor, whereas anaerobic respiration uses an inorganic molecule to complete the process. In addition, Chapter 4 (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 114) also illustrated the molecular breakdown involved in lactic acid fermentation. This process occurs when skeletal muscles have reached the point of fatigue and lack oxygen. Chapter 2 (OpenStax College, 2013, p. 45) introduced ATP and its importance of providing energy to cells in living organisms.

Respiration is a chemical process by which organic compounds release energy. There are two types of respiration reactions that cells use to provide themselves with energy: aerobic and anaerobic (fermentation). (Chemistry for Biologists: Respiration. 2015) Both processes are similar within the initial steps of the reaction- beginning with glycolysis. However, in fermentation instead of the pyruvic acid being converted to acetyl coenzyme A, it’s converted into both ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast and some plants and lactic acid in animal cells. Another distinct difference between the two processes is that anaerobic respiration uses oxygen

Fermentation is the anaerobic process by which glucose, or other sugars are catabolized by microorganisms without an electron transport chain, like yeast (Campbell, 2004). In experiment one the yeast and glucose acted as reactants, with the yeast breaking down the glucose, producing the products CO2 and ethanol. The overall reaction for the alcoholic fermentation that took place can be represented as 2 pyruvate + 2NADH-> 2NAD+ +2CO2 + 2 ethanol (Campbell, 2004). This biological process allows cells to operate under conditions where oxygen is not present. Experiment 1 explored the question of how the amount of sugar impacts the rate of fermentation, while Experiment 2 tested the effect the type of sugar available to the yeast has on the rate of fermentation. If more sugar is available to the yeast, the faster the reaction should occur. If sucrose is used instead of glucose, the reaction will produce less CO2 since the yeast cannot breakdown sucrose as efficiently as glucose.

All living organisms need the energy to perform the basic life functions. Cells use a process called cellular respiration to obtain the energy needed. In cellular respiration, cells convert energy molecules like starch or glucose into a cellular energy called Adenosine triphosphate(ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration which include: Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, cells will break down glucose to release a maximum amount of ATP this takes place in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic also produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products and it takes place in the mitochondria. on the other hand, anaerobic respiration, a metabolic process, also produces energy and uses glucose, but it releases less energy and does not require the

Cellular respiration is a process that mostly takes place in the mitochondria where cells break down food and turn in it into adenosine triphosphate(ATP), or in more simpler terms, energy for the cell. Although cellular respiration can do either anaerobic or aerobic cellular respiration processes, it is usually used to describe aerobic cellular respiration because it actually was created as a synonym for aerobic respiration. Aerobic cellular respiration is the process where oxygen is used to make energy molecules. Aerobic respiration creates a lot more ATP molecules than in anaerobic respiration because anaerobic does not use oxygen as a reactant. Aerobic cellular respiration goes through three steps, and they are: glycolysis, citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis means separating sugars, and in that process every glucose is turned into two pyruvate molecules. It then enters the mitochondria if it is a eukaryotic cell and the pyruvate

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are the two most salient cycles that recreate and sustain the energy and life in our biosphere. Though interdependent, and similar in many ways, the two systems possess contradicting aspects as well. For instance, cellular respiration is a catabolic reaction. It breaks apart glucose to make carbon dioxide and water, and in doing so, transforms the energy of glucose into ATP. Thus, the primary source of energy for cellular respiration is glucose. This reaction contradicts with photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction that relies on carbon dioxide and water to form glucose and other byproducts. It also uses sunlight as a means of its most prominent energy source.

There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when there is oxygen present and in the mitochondria (in eukaryotic cells) and the cytoplasm (in prokaryotic cells). Aerobic respiration requires oxygen; it proceeds through the Krebs cycle. The Krebs cycle is a cycle of producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to thirty-four ATPs. Anaerobic respiration is known as a process called fermentation. It occurs in the cytoplasm and molecules do not enter the mitochondria for further breakdown. This process helps to produce alcohol in yeast and plants, and lactate in animals. Only two ATPs are produced through this process. In yeast fermentation is used to make beer, wine, and whiskey.

After Acetyl-coenzyme A enters the Krebs cycle, it is broken down into carbon dioxide. Two ATP’s are created in the process and are there for future movements and contractions. Hydrogen is transported to the electron transport chain. The carbon dioxide produced during the process is removed through breathing.

     Pyruvate oxidation in eukaryotic cells occurs inside the mitochondrion in the inner membrane, and in prokaryotes on the inner face of the plasma membrane. This step is the crucial link between the steps of glycolysis and cellular respiration. In this step, pyruvate is oxidized into acetate. Pyruvate from the

Every living thing needs cellular respiration to survive. Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. This process happens through three distinct operations which are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Throughout these cycles, our bodies turn oxygen and glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Although this system seems simple enough, cellular respiration can not take place in just one step because all of the energy from glucose would be released at once, most of it being lost in the form of light and heat. All this plays a very important role in our lives and without it, organisms would cease to exist.

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that produce ATP molecules under anaerobic conditions (only undergoes glycolysis), NAD+ is used directly in glycolysis to form ATP molecules, which is not as efficient as cellular respiration because only 2ATP molecules are formed during the glycolysis. One type of fermentation is alcohol fermentation, it produces pyruvate molecules made by glycolysis and the yeast will break it down to give off carbon dioxide, the reactant is glucose and the byproducts are ethanol and carbon dioxide. In this lab, the purpose is to measure whether the changes of