Cellular Reproduction Essay examples

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

Mitosis is one of two main methods of cell replication, the other being meiosis. It is “the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts” resulting from the splitting of a cell. The ‘parent’ or original cell splits, duplicating its DNA (packaged in chromosomes) producing two ‘daughter’ or new cells with the same genetic code. There are four stages of mitosis; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Interphase is not an official phase of mitosis as the cell is at ‘rest’ and not being divided during this phase. It is often called one of the phases of mitosis as it is one of the stages in the life cycle of a cell; however it is not a phase of mitosis due to the fact that no division takes place.

This study was performed in order to gain more knowledge on mitosis and meiosis. This lab was done by observing mitosis in plant and animal cells, comparing the relative lengths of the stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells, stimulating the stages of meiosis, observing evidence of crossing-over in meiosis using Sordaria fimicola, and estimating the distance of a gene locus from its centromere. Mitosis is the scientific term for nuclear cell division, where the nucleus of the cell divides, resulting in two sets of identical chromosomes. Mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis in which the end result is two completely separate cells called daughter cells. There are four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and

In genetics, the way people retrieve their genes and traits is through cell division; mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis in cell division is the process in making body cells. There are 7 stages in mitosis; interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. In interphase, the cell is growing normally and synthesizes with organelles. In prophase, changes occur in the cell and parts of the structures begin to break down, setting the stage for chromosome division. Prometaphase is the stage where the chromosomes are sorted and made very compact, and metaphase is when the chromatids of each chromosome are attached to a microtube to form a spindle. Anaphase it the process in which the chromosomes split, leading into telophase, which is where the chromatids travel to opposite poles in a cell and new membranes form around the nuclei. The final stage in mitosis, cytokinesis, is when the chromatids split in two.

This division of the nucleus is called mitosis. Another part of cell division is cytokinesis, where the cytoplasm divides and the cell becomes two cells. The first steps in cell division begin with mitosis, and mitosis is divided into five different stages which include: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. (pg. 571) Prophase is the first step in mitosis. During prophase the chromosomes become compact together. The centrisomes begin to form the mitotic spindle. Prometaphase is the next step in cell division, which the nuclear envelope breaks apart and the paired chromatids connect. (pg. 572) Then the chromatids connect with spindle microtubules to form kinetochores and migrate to the poles of the cell. In metaphase the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. (pg. 573) The next step in mitosis is anaphase, which is where the chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and are pulled to opposite ends. The last step in mitosis is telophase. During telophase the spindle fibers disassembled and the chromosomes uncoil into chromatin. At this point the cell enters into cytokinesis. (pg. 574) During cytokinesis the cytoplasm splits along the cleavage furrow. (pg 578) In plant cells, during cytokinesis a cell wall must be formed. Vesicles migrate toward the center and form a cell plate, which becomes the cell wall. (pg.580) In either a plant cell or animal cell, at this

In order to better understand genetics, and what makes us who we are, it is important to first understand cell division/reproduction. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus that produces two daughter cells identical to themselves and to the original cell. Cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm, follows this process. The process of mitosis has five stages that are proceeded by interphase, which is a period for cell growth and development. Mitosis begins with prophase, which is when chromatids condense, centrosomes move to opposite poles, and mitotic spindles form from centrosomes. Prometaphase follows, during which the nuclear membrane disintegrates. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle on the equatorial plate,

In prophase, chromosomes begin to condense while the nucleoli and nuclear membranes fragmented. Metaphase begins with complete nuclear membrane fragmentation. Chromosomes will attach to the kinetochore microtubules, which extend from the centrioles and align the chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase will begin to shorten microtubules drawing one chromatid to each pole of the cell. Telophase will decondense the nuclear membrane fragments in order to go through cytokinesis and form two new daughter cells. Throughout the entire mitosis cell cycle the number of different sets of chromosomes remained the same, 2n. The number of different set of genes began with 2N, increased to 4N and then ended with 2N at the end of the

Imagine a world where every day scientists create human beings, cultivate them for a week, and then destroy them. This scenario sounds vaguely familiar to the creation of Frankenstein in Mary Shelley’s book Frankenstein. The difference between the creation of Frankenstein and the creation of human beings is that the latter has already become true as scientist are creating and destroying embryos. Scientist today even in the United States are creating human embryos and then destroying them when performing stem cell research, but the government does not fund these scientists.

Anaphase is where the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are more apart. Telophase is where the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form. In cytokinesis is where the cytoplasm inches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicated

The chromosomes were able to divide, condense and separate effectively. However, when they attempted to arrange themselves for metaphase, they were not lined up accordingly. The chromatids wrapped around one another in a disorderly state. Many different mutations occurred during metaphase, and the longer the trifluralin treatment was given to the roots, the more cells were stuck at metaphase. After three hours, the number of cells in anaphase and telophase dropped about 50%.

While in metaphase is the place the chromosomes line up over the focal point of the cell. Anaphase is the place the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are all the more separated. Telophase is the place the chromosomes assemble at inverse closures of the cell and lose their particular shapes. Two new atomic envelopes will frame. In cytokinesis is the place the cytoplasm creeps down the middle. Every little girl cell has an indistinguishable arrangement of copied chromosomes.

Meiosis I had 6 steps: Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. In Interphase, the cell grows, repairs, performs its usual functions, and replicates DNA. During Prophase I, each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome forming a tetrad. During tetrad formation, sections of chromosomes can be exchanged between chromatids, a process called crossing over. In Metaphase I, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the middle of the cell. During Anaphase I, Spindle fibers pull each homologous pair toward opposite ends of the cell. In Telophase I, a nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes. Cytoplasm then occurs resulting in two new daughter cells. The daughter cells contain chromosome sets that are different from each other and the parent

The end goal of meiosis includes twice as many daughter cells as mitosis; therefore, there is a second cell division involve similar stages. Interphase is different in meiosis than in mitosis because each individual homologue is replicated instead of replicating one chromosome. Mitosis involves the replication of somatic cells that are haploid; whereas, meiosis involves the manufacturing of gametes that are genetically haploid. In prophase I paired homologues are attracted to one another at the synapsis and a process called crossing over takes place. Crossing over involves a genetic rearrangement of DNA of the same segments. Otherwise prophase 1 is similar to prophase in mitosis. In metaphase I chromosomes line up in homologous pairs, otherwise this stage is similar to metaphase in mitosis. Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis is the same in meiosis as in mitosis except, two haploid cells form with each chromosome still consisting of two sister chromatids. The second stage of meiosis involves all the same steps except there is no crossing over involves because each cell is now genetically haploid. The set of sister chromatids undergoes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. The sister chromatids finally separate resulting in four haploid daughter cells containing unduplicated chromosomes. In prophase I crossing over took place, and this results in each chromosome being genetically different in each of the four daughter

Mitosis cells reproduce to increase growth, repair or asexual reproduction without Mitosis living things would be unable to grow or heal if wounded. Diagram 6 demonstrates the key process of Mitosis that occurs in organisms apart from viruses and reproduction occurs when new cells are needed. The cells also copy's its chromosomes splitting them ensuring that each cell have a full set.

Because plant cells have cell wall, they to divide by formation of membrane. The cell plate is formed by vesicle in the middle of the cell. The cell plate will continue to grow and become a new cell wall.