Cellular Respiration Lab

Muscular hypertrophy occurs through anaerobic training and also causes an increase in lactate tolerance since the lactate produced is less concentrated enabling athletes to tolerate increased amounts. The greater extent of muscular hypertrophy and therefore lactate tolerance in males compared to females is evident in the greater number of attacking efforts performed by them whilst on field. During the 20 minutes of the game spent on field, males performed 88.5 attacking skills (approximately 4.43 maximal efforts per minute), while females performed 76.4 attacking skills (3.82 per minute) (Appendix 2). Due to insufficient recovery of CP, the anaerobic glycolysis system would have been dominant for these efforts. Males can tolerate more lactate hence perform more efforts. Furthermore, males had a higher average of 15.40 seconds in the speed endurance test compared to 17.19 seconds for females, indicating that males have greater lactate tolerance due to developed anaerobic adaptations including muscular hypertrophy (Appendix 1). As men have a greater lactate tolerance, they can work at higher anaerobic intensities for longer durations, therefore perform more maximal efforts such as repetitively

The Wingate Anaerobic Test is used to evaluate anaerobic cycling performance. This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a relationship between peak power and fatigue index for endurance (n=9) vs power (n=4) athletes. A total of 13 subjects, including 8 males and 5 females, were included in the study. The subjects were divided into sporting types, such as endurance and power. Data collected from the Wingate test included peak power (W), mean power (W), time to peak (S), minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%). When the peak power and fatigue index were considered together for endurance athletes, a significant relationship

The anaerobic threshold (AT), also called the “lactate threshold,” is the exertion level between aerobic and anaerobic training. The AT is the point during exercise where your body must switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism. Anaerobic exercise consists of weightlifting, sprinting, and jumping. Once an athlete reaches its anaerobic threshold, lactic acid builds up in the muscles faster than it can be cleared away resulting in muscle cramps. The AT is a useful measure for deciding exercise intensity for training and racing in endurance sports. On average untrained individuals have a low AT (approximately 55 % of VolumeO2max), and elite endurance athletes have a high AT (approx. 80 - 90% of VolumeO2max). lactate threshold.(1) Studies have been conducted on finding methods of improving anaerobic threshold. Lately High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has become a popular training modality in competitive athletes, recreationally-trained individuals, and clinical populations. HIIT consists of repeated bouts of short to moderate duration exercise

According to the results, the time of prior exercise and the average number of cycles after the exercise were inversely proportional. The time of prior exercise assumed to be approximately proportional to the amount of exercise. Also, the number of cycles presumed to be inversely proportional to muscle fatigue. This is because greater muscle fatigue would prevent faster rate of muscle contraction, this would result in performing a lower number of cycles during a given period. Hence, based on the graph, it was inferred that the amount of previous exercise and muscle fatigue would have a positive linear relationship. This implies that as the amount of previous exercise increased the macule fatigue increased accordingly.

The presence of lactic acid is thus was mistakenly associated with fatigue because its existence was associated with exercise. Yet it is part of recovery, not an inhibitory mechanism. "Evidence suggesting

It was hypothesized that intermittent exercise bouts are more effective than moderate continuous training, because participants will be able to exercise long and therefore, will have a greater work output. The main findings from this lab can be categorized into three sections, heart rate during exercise bout refer to figure 1. Total work over exercise type, refer to figure 2. Time to fatigue over exercise type, refer to figure 3.

The purpose of this study was to see how high intensity interval training alter ATP in maximal muscle contractions. This study consisted of young eight men who performed six series of repeated 30 s all out sprints on an ergometer (Larsen, Maynard, & Kent, 2014). The purpose of an ergometer is to measure the amount of work is used to perform this task. All of the participants were students at University of Massachusetts who volunteered to participate in this study. Ages ranged from 27. 0 ± 3.4 years, no participates was currently participating in any regular exercise program. No participates were on any type of medication or vitamin to help

Each athlete has an ideal of training that leads to maximum performance, if not carefully monitored it would lead into a state of consistent fatigue and underperformance (Raedeke, 1997). According to previous research, there are three major causes of overtraining; Lehman suggested that two of the biggest reasons that lead to overtraining are training monotony and the increase of training loads (Wiart, 2010). The third cause is inadequate recovery; Richardson (2008) suggested that looking at monitoring overtraining from a recovery approach may give a better understanding of stress/recovery imbalances in athletes.

The muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organ are fundamental to the control of muscle length and tone. Any disturbance in the activity of these receptors may occur through shortened muscle length, intense work exercise and exercise to fatigue. This will likely result in an increase of motor neuron activity and motor unit recruitment. The relaxation phase of a muscle contraction is prolonged in a fatigued muscle, raising the likelihood of fused summation of action potentials if motor neuron activity muscle spindle and motor neuron activity by reflex inhabitation and afferent stimulation (Bentley, S, 1996). It has been documented that fatigue increases the afferent activity of the muscle spindle and decreases afferent activity of the Golgi tendon organ which, then may result in an increased alpha motor neuron activity. The uncontrolled firing of neurons on the muscle and the reduced relaxation of the muscle fibers leads to cramps (Schwellnus MP, 2010).

Muscle fatigue is the process of exhaustion or strength lost, as well as muscular endurance that corresponds with the building up of lactic acid in the muscles (Medical Dictionary) Throughout the lab it was discovered that the greater the number of muscles in the body that are used, the more fatigue builds up, and it becomes difficult to use those muscles. According to table 1.2 and 1.3, there was a decrease in the number of squeezes of a clothespin that were completed in 30 seconds for each of the 10 trials. As the number of trials were increased it became difficult to press the clothes pin quickly and efficiently, causing the fingers’ pace to slow down. The first couple of trials were easily completed without muscle soreness since the

A journal published by Allen, Lännergren, and Westerblad (2002) of the American Physiological Society, claimed that during the process of intracellular acidosis, lactic acid is the main cause of skeletal muscle fatigue. However, studies show that inorganic phosphate also contributed to the decline of contractile function in skeletal muscle. This research further explained that high-intensity exercise surpasses the aerobic capacity and the significant amount of adenosine triphosphate required would then be derived from anaerobic cellular respiration (Westerblad, Allen, & Lännergren, 2002).

There is release of protons and formation of acid salt sodium lactate during intense exercise as there is raised production of lactic acid causing the cellular buffering capacity exceed resulting in decrease in cellular PH. This chemical events has been assumed to be the cause of muscle fatigue during vigorous exercise. There is lot of research evidence which shows that acidosis can be caused by other reactions rather than lactate production [2].

(1993), investigating the effects of moderate intensity exercise training on four older individuals on muscle energy utilization, blood flow, and exercise performance. For 12 weeks, each subject trained their dominant arm each day, while their non-dominant arm was served as a control and was not trained. A 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to detect the power output the threshold of intracellular acidosis (IT) to test for fatigue. IT increased 14% on the dominant arm after 6 weeks of training, but there weren’t further increases in IT. Power increased 34% at 6 weeks and 58% at 12 weeks. The training delayed fatigue form IT and increased the capacity for submaximal work and did not depend of muscle blood

This experiment was conducted to see if icing certain muscles in the arm affects grip strength. An electromyogram and dynamometer was used to test this theory. An electromyogram (EMG) is used to record muscles contraction, and a dynamometer is used to test grip strength. The superficial muscles in the forearm that contract when something is being gripped are flexor carpi radialis, brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, and flexor digitorum superficialis muscles. When muscles are fatigued, often times after sports practice or a game, ice is usually the go to. Some athletes take ice baths to relax their body so the muscles don't get sore. This experiment will prove if ice relaxes the muscles in the forearm and makes the grip weaker as the muscles are cold.

Gymnastics is one of the most demanding and dangerous collegiate sports. Marina and Rodriguez (2014) investigated the physiological demands of women’s competitive gymnastics routines. Post-exercise heart rate, oxygen uptake, and peak blood lactate concentration were studied from eight elite female gymnasts. The gymnasts reached their highest heart rates (183-199 beats/minute), their highest oxygen uptake (33-44 mL/kg), and their highest blood lactate levels (7-9 mmol) following the floor and the uneven bars. The mean oxygen uptake levels of the gymnasts for all four events ranged from 65 to 85% of their individually recorded VO2 maximums and their maximum heart rates. Gymnasts work at very high physical levels during practice and competition.