Cellular Respiration Lab Report

The krebs cycle is the second step in aerobic respiration of cells, which takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. This process is to oxidize pyruvate.

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

This process does not require oxygen and is referred to as fermentation. This process partially breaks down carbohydrates and it obtains a small amount of energy, again in the form of ATP. Pyruvic acid has to be broken down in respiration when formed by breaking down of glucose molecules, this can't be done in the same way as in aerobic respiration. When anaerobic respiration is taking place carbon dioxide and ethanol is formed.

In cellular respiration, the oxidation of glucose is carried out in a controlled series of reactions. At each step or reaction in the sequence, a small amount of the total energy is released. Some of this energy is lost as heat. The rest is converted to other forms that can be used by the cell to drive or fuel coupled endergonic reactions or to make ATP.

Cellular respiration is the series of metabolic process by which living cells produce energy through the oxidation of organic substances. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Fermentation is the process by which complex organic compounds such as glucose, are broken down by the action of enzymes into simpler compounds without the use of oxygen. The significance of these pathways for organisms is to allow for an organism to be able to generate ATP. Some organism that undergo cellular respiration are bacteria and fungi. Some organism that undergo fermentation are yeast and muscle cells. In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized and releases energy. In cellular respiration, glucose produces ATP and 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate. The pyruvate is then further broken down in the mitochondria where it becomes oxidized and releases CO2 (Upadhyaya 2014). In the fermentation process oxygen does not play a part. This process converts glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. From there pyruvate breaks down into CO2 and acetaldehyde (Upadhyaya 2014) Monosaccharides are known as simple sugars and their main function is being the source of energy for organisms. Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond and their primary function is to provide food to monosaccharides. Some disaccharides

A). The anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate is called glycolysis. This sequence of reactions will generate two molecules of pyruvate for every one molecule of glucose. This metabolism is anaerobic, which means that it does not require oxygen to be completed. The first phase of the process of glycolysis is called the preparatory phase. The entire process of glycolysis is started once glucose is trapped inside

The acetyl group from pyruvate is oxidised in a series of nine reactions; the citric acid cycle. Also known as the Krebs cycle, it is the second stage of cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a 3 stage process where organic fuel molecules are broken down, in the presence of oxygen, to harvest energy. These reactions occur in the mitochondrial matrix.

A. ) The glycolytic enzyme produces NADH+ and carbon dioxide from pyruvate. The allosteric control of the glycolytic enzyme is controlled by the amount of NADH produced. The NADH+ and carbon dioxide tricarboxylic acid cycle and become NADH+ and FAH2 The higher concentration of NADH, will lead to more electrons being contributed to the electron transport cycle, increasing the hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, which would lead to an increased production of ATP.

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

Uniquely, glycolysis is both anaerobic and aerobic. The end product pyruvate, from glycolysis, is anabolized to lactic acid when there is a need for energy without an adequate supply of oxygen available. This last step or reaction enables glycolysis to continue producing ATP without the need for oxygen, which is why it is called the anaerobic energy system (Fink, 2009).

This process is often referred to as NADH Coenzyme Q oxidoreductase or complex I. Now the succinate produced in the krebs cycle forms a second point of entry for hydrogens to enter the intermembrane space of the mitochondria. In the third step, enzymes combine one oxygen molecule with two hydrogens forming water molecule, essentially what this accomplishes is pumping four hydrogens through the entry point made by the succinate into the intermembrane space.

The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions which occur in the mitochondria and results in the formation of ATP and other molecules which undergo farther reactions to form more ATP. Cellular respiration can be divided into four sequences. The first sequence is glycolysis, its breaks down one molecule glucose into two molecules pyruyate. Transition takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and it’s referred to the beginning of aerobic respiration. The process takes place if there is enough amounts of oxygen in the mitochondria. However if there is insufficient oxygen in the mitochondria it could result into fermentation. Transition Reactions take place in the pyruvate molecule. In transition reactions two hydrogen electrons and one carbon

While the process of cellular respiration is similar in both the obligate aerobe and the facultative anaerobe. They fate of the pyruvate differentiates with the two. With cellular respiration all types of catabolic reactions take place to eventually produce ATP. There are four stages of Aerobic respiration, they include glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs cycle and the electron transport system. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final receptor to make ATP, it uses oxidative phosphorylation and some ATP with substrate-level phosphorylation, ultimately ending with making 1 NADH which is equal to 3 molecules of ATP and 1 FADH2 which is equal to 2 molecules of ATP. Aerobic Respiration =C6 H12 O6+6O2+6HCO2+38ATP. Facultative anaerobe

The first part of the breakdown of glucose is known as Glycolysis, in which one molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3H4O3). The second part is the fermentation process in which the two pyruvate molecules are converted to two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide.

aerobic respiration the Pyruvate enters the Citric acid cycle in which 6 CO2 (1 molecule