Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Your family doctor or pediatrician may make a referral to an eye doctor for more complete evaluation when eye problems are suspected by during routine physical

The dry form is broken down into three stages; Early, Intermediate, and Advanced (National Eye Institute 3). In the Early stage, people have several small or few medium yellow deposits under the retina called drusen. This stage shows no symptoms or vision loss. During the second stage, Intermediate, more medium or even large deposits happen. As this happens, a blurred spot can develop and more light could be needed for reading. Lastly, in the Advanced stage, a breakdown of light-sensitive cells and tissue causes the blurred spot to enlarge and darken. In this latter stage, facial recognition is unlikely unless the person is extremely close. Either form of Macular Degeneration can only be detected by thorough eye exams. The exam should include visual acuity, which measures sight at varied distance intervals. Also, dilation of the eyes will allow an ophthalmologist to check the retina and optic nerve. An instrument called a Tonometer will measure pressure within the eyes (National Eye Institute 6).

Retinal vein occlusion is the second leading cause of vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy.1 Retinal vein occlusions are classified into 3 categories depending on the location of the thrombus formation; branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and hemi retinal vein occlusion (Hemi-RVO). 7 BRVO is considered to be the most common among the retinal vein occlusions.6 BRVO occurs more often in men than women. Asians (5.7 per 1000) and Hispanics (6.9 per 1000) are at greater risk of developing BRVO than other ethnicities.6 The age range of patients diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion ranges from young as 14 years of age to old as 92 years of age, with 51% of patients being older than 65 years.3 Advancing age is an important risk factor for developing retinal vein occlusions. Prevalence of retinal vein occlusions in 40-49 years old is 1.57 per 1,000, 4.58 per 1,000 in 50-59 years old, 11.11 per 1,000 in 60-69 years old, 12.76 per 1,000 in 70-79 years old, and 10.32 per 1,000 in those older than 80 years.6

and proteins leak out of the abnormal blood vessels. The fluids then collect in the retina and

The American Diabetes Association (AMA) and American Academy of Ophthalmology recommend patients with diabetes receive a fundoscopic examination. This is a common test done by ophthalmologists that uses

Eyes: Pupillary light reflex: Pupils are equal, round, reactive to light. Accommodation is present. Eyebrows, eyelids, and lashes are present, symmetric, and eyelids are a proximal completely. Conjunctive is pink, clear, with no swelling or lesions. Sclera is china white. Patient wears glasses and the glasses are in good repair. The last vision test was last spring and the patient gets an eye exam done every two years. The client states her left eye did not fully develop so she has always had bad vision in that one eye. However, when you look at the eye, you would never notice. Cataracts were removed in both eyes, but it was 3 years apart.

Retinopathy is classified as background retinopathy, preproliferative retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy. Background retinopathy is where there is partial occlusion of the small blood vessels in the retina which result in microaneurysms in the capillary wall. These microaneurysms are weak and capillary fluid leaks out causing edema and intraretinal haemorrhages.

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), also known as rod cone dystrophy, is a rare genetic disease that affects the retinas in the eyes. In the United States, it affects 1 in 4,000 people making it the most common inherited retina disease (Nash, et al., 2015). This disease usually leads to blindness because of the deterioration of the light-sensing cells in the retina. Within the retina, there are cells called rods and cones. For people who have RP, the rods, which are responsible for night and peripheral vision, are the cells that deteriorate first. After the rods are affected, the cones follow. Cones are responsible for color perception and central vision. Usually, symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa show up during childhood. At this stage in life, children affected with this disease have a loss of night vision. As these children become adults, the disease causes their eyes develop blind spots in their peripheral vision and eventually these blind spots will merge and create tunnel vision (Nash, et al., 2015). Over time, the disease will affect central vision. Central vision

This article discussed the eye disease, Glaucoma. There are two types of Glaucoma; open-angle and closed-angle. Open-angle Glaucoma there are no visual abnormalities, but there is a mechanical obstruction interfering with the drainage pathway. While closed-angle Glaucoma is a physical obstruction. Signs and symptoms of Glaucoma are; headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, halo vision, and eye pain. Glaucoma progresses slowly and is asymptomatic at first. As the disease progresses symptoms appear, if symptoms are present then there is already irreversible damage to the eye. There is no cure for Glaucoma, treatment is aimed at slowing the progression of the disease. Diagnostic tests done to detect Glaucoma are; measuring IOP, evaluation of

Eye examination. This may include a slit lamp examination. This checks if your eye lenses are out of place.

These characteristics of the glaucoma patient can progress to blindness. Regularly, glaucoma and its treatment have been closely connected with intraocular pressure. In normal tension glaucoma, damage to the optic nerve occurs without any increase in intraocular pressure. Normal tension glaucoma most often occurs in the elderly and can lead to loss of sight and significant disability. Numerous studies indicate that glaucoma patients have altered retinal circulation. Extensive morphological studies describe endothelial proliferations in the retinal vessels of glaucoma patients. [Charlson2011] In study [Evans1999] Evans et al. assert that glaucoma patients demonstrate faulty autoregulation in the retina during posture change: their CRA response to posture variation shows no change. The CRA directly feeds and is the only source of blood supply for the retinal arteries. These distal vessels nourish the retinal ganglion cells and the confluence of unmyelinated nerve fibers anterior to the lamina

Visual Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a solution directly into the varicose vein. We usually use a salt solution, but there are other solutions that can be used. The solution irritates the inside of

Scotoma may be diagnosed by medical history and physical exam. An eye specialist (optometrist or ophthalmologist) will test your field of vision. Other tests may also be done, including:

     Macular Degeneration is a problem in the part of the eye that controls your sharpest central vision. It is a group of diseases that result in a loss of detailed vision. The brain will not just leave the spot empty, so it learns to fill it in with spotty macular cell damage. People most of the time don't tell their doctors (opthalmologists) about it until it is well in advance.

A patient that is diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa (RP), takes place in the retina lined the back inside wall of the eye. The cells within the retina captures and processes images transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain. Patients whose diagnosed with RP experience a gradual collapsing in their vision because retinal photoreceptor cells have died.